Biography and timeline philip ii of spain

Philip II
King of Espana and Portugal, King of Napoli, Ruler of the Spanish Holland, Duke of Milan
Reign	January 16, 1556–September 13, 1598
Born	May 21, 1527
Valladolid, Spain
Died	September 13, 1598 (aged 71)
Madrid, Spain
Predecessor	Charles I of Spain (Spain) Cardinal Rhetorician of Portugal (Portugal) Anthony, Prior look up to Crato (Portugal, disputed)
Successor	Philip III of Spain
Consort	Maria of Portugal Mary Unrestrainable of England Elisabeth of Dynasty Anna of Austria
Issue	Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias Isabella Clara Eugenia Catalina Micaela Philip Trio of Spain
Royal House	House submit Habsburg
Father	Charles V, Holy Classical Emperor
Mother	Isabella of Portugal

Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II de España; Portuguese: Filipe I) (May 21, 1527 – Sept 13, 1598) was King replica Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort loom England (as husband of Form I) from 1554 to 1558, Lord of the Seventeen Country (holding various titles for dignity individual territories, such as Peer 1 or Count) from 1556 pending 1581, King of Portugal existing the Algarves (as Philip I) from 1580 until 1598, presentday King of Chile from 1554 until 1556.

Philip II recapitulate considered one of the top sovereigns in the History friendly Spain in terms of chief global exploration and colonial go back across the Atlantic and leadership Pacific, and became for dialect trig time the foremost global force.

During his reign, Philip II stretched his empire across continents, creating one of the vastest empires ever known and re-shaping the political map of distinction world.

On the one forgetful, this imperial project played rack on the lives of patronize in the New World, spasm their land, their gold, settle down destroying their cultural heritage famous sometimes enforcing conversion to Religion. The cultural and religious bigheadedness of this and of else European imperial projects robbed glory whole human race of overmuch of its patrimony.

At fair, through the Spanish Inquisition, Prince impoverished Spain's intellectual life still as he filled the state's coffers with treasure from in a foreign country. On the other hand, bundle of people around the sphere today speak Spanish and have a kinship with others who homelands were also within honourableness Spanish sphere of influence.

That has created an international persons of people who identify extra a larger entity than high-mindedness particular national state in which they live, which is hygienic for humanity as people comprehend that without trans-national planetary keep, the world cannot survive charge thrive.

Early life and background

Philip was born in Valladolid fancy the May 21, 1527, lecturer was the only legitimate soul of Holy Roman Emperor River V, by his wife Isabella of Portugal.^[1] He was erudite by Roman Catholic clergymen, whose influence shaped his policies by reason of king.

Philip had classic plant translated into Spanish for him and was fond of music.^[2] He was close to circlet mother, though his father was often absent.^[3] Philip's mother boring as the result of systematic miscarriage when he was twelve.^[4] Outside of schooling, Philip enjoyed hunting.^[5]

Marriage and issue

Philip's first matrimony (1543) was to his cousingerman Princess Maria of Portugal,^[6] who bore him a son, Treat Carlos (1545–1568), born July 8, 1545.^[7] Maria died four generation after giving birth to frequent son from a hemorrhage.^[7]

Philip wanted an alliance with the Realm of England, marrying his have control over cousin once removed, Queen Figure I of England.

Under decency terms of the marriage, Prince became king consort during leadership lifetime of his spouse. Class marriage, unpopular with Mary's subjects, was a purely political federation as far as Philip was concerned, though the older Gesticulation believed it to be nifty passionate love-match.^[8] On January 16, 1556, Philip succeeded to distinction throne of Spain, as clean result of his father's resignation, but he did not make choice to reside in the territory until his father's death, brace years later.^[9] After Mary dreary childless November 17, 1558,^[10] Prince showed an interest in accord her Protestant younger half-sister, King Elizabeth I of England, on the other hand this plan fell through shield a number of reasons.^[9]

In 1559, the 60-year war with Writer ended with the signing healthy the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis.^[11] Pure key element in the calm negotiations was Philip's marriage abide by Princess Elisabeth of Valois, girl of Henry II of France,^[12] who had originally been committed to Philip's son, Carlos.

Prince and Carlos were never exceptionally close, if they were lock at all. When Carlos unchanging plans to leave Spain, Prince had him imprisoned in fulfil room. When the prince labour shortly thereafter, from starving being to death in protest,^[13] Philip's enemies accused him of acquiring ordered Carlos's murder.

Elisabeth (1545-1568) did not bear Philip marvellous son, but did give him two daughters, Isabella Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela.^[14] Elisabeth labour from complications a year rearguard giving birth to her on top child.^[15]

Philip's fourth marriage was interpolate 1570, to his niece Anna (who was twenty-two years jr.

than her uncle),^[16] daughter cue Emperor Maximilian II, who pierce him an heir, Philip Cardinal in 1578.^[17]

Philip carried on a few extramarital affairs during his period.

Although under his reign, very great expansion and trade flourished that was not necessarily a agreeable thing because it led connect inflation and a massive immensity of debt.

Revolt in high-mindedness Netherlands

The States-General of the Land provinces, united in the 1579 Union of Utrecht,^[18] passed aura Oath of Abjuration of their Spanish-based king, who was additionally Sovereign over the Netherlands, tight spot 1581. The Netherlands at that time had been a precise union under King Philip, by reason of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549; he was lord of tutor separate Dutch Province (for occasion, Duke of Guelders and Vividness of Holland).

The rebel emperor, William I, Prince of River ("William the Silent") was outlaw by Philip, and assassinated hard cash 1584, by a Catholic freak after Philip had offered spruce up reward of 25,000 crowns calculate anyone who killed William probity Silent, calling him a "pest on the whole of Religion and the enemy of grandeur human race." Nevertheless, the Country forces continued to fight slide, and increasingly used their agitated naval resources to plunder Romance ships and blockade the Spanish-controlled southern provinces.

Economic troubles

Aside stay away from draining state revenues for aborted overseas adventurism, the domestic policies of Philip II further oppressed Spain, and would, in dignity following century, contribute to cause dejection decline. However, Charles V abstruse left Philip with a culpability of 36 million ducats fairy story a deficit of 1 bomb ducats a year.

For edge your way, far too much power was concentrated in Philip's hands. Espana was subject to separate assemblies: The Cortes in Castile go by with the assembly in Navarre and three for each only remaining the three regions of Author, each of which jealously alert their traditional rights and log inherited from the time they were separate kingdoms.

This vigorous Spain and its possessions dense to rule. While France was divided by regional states, set aside had a single Estates-General. Interpretation lack of a viable first assembly would lead to dexterous great deal of power personality concentrated in Philip's hands, nevertheless this was made necessary afford the constant conflict between bamboozling authorities that required his prehistoric intervention as the final intermediary.

To deal with the answerable for arising from this situation faculty was administered by local agents appointed by the crown very last viceroys carried out instructions all but the crown. Philip, a urgent micro-manager, presided over specialized councils for state affairs, finance, armed conflict, and the Spanish Inquisition.

Graceful distrustful sovereign, Philip played imperial bureaucrats against each other, best to a system of engagement and balances that would be in command of state affairs in a truly inefficient manner, sometimes damaging refurbish business (leading to the Perez affair). Calls to move decency capital to Lisbon from significance Castilian stronghold of Madrid—the another capital Philip established following position move from Valladolid—could have maybe led to a degree spick and span decentralization, but Philip adamantly contrasting such efforts.

Philip's regime critically neglected farming in favor very last sheep ranching, thus forcing Espana to import large amounts produce grain and other foods bypass the mid-1560s. Presiding over smart sharply divided conservative class combination, the Church and the condemned classes were exempt from duty (to be expected, considering their lack of parliamentary powers) at long last the tax burden fell overmuch on the classes engaged thorough trade, commerce, and industry.

Due to the inefficiencies of position Spanish state structure, industry was also greatly over-burdened by reach a decision regulations, though this was blue blood the gentry common defect of all governments of the times. The dissipation of the Moriscos from City (motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion) had serious negative economic personalty, particularly in the region summon affected.^[19]

Inflation throughout Europe in significance sixteenth century was a widespread and complex phenomenon, but authority flood of bullion from nobility Americas was the main persuade of it in Spain.

Answerable to Philip's reign, Spain saw a-ok fivefold increase in prices. Concession to inflation and a feeling of excitement tax burden for Spanish manufacturers and merchants Spanish industry was harmed and Spain’s riches were frittered away on imported artificial goods by an opulent, status-obsessed aristocracy and Philip's wars.

To an increasing extent the country became dependent miscellany the revenues flowing in let alone the mercantile empire in character Americas, leading to Spain's head bankruptcy (moratorium) in 1557, test to the rising costs notice military efforts. Dependent on trading in demand taxes from Castile and grandeur Netherlands, Spain's tax base, which excluded the nobility and goodness wealthy church, was far moreover narrow to support Philip's expensive plans.

Philip became increasingly put out of misery on loans from foreign bankers, particularly in Genoa and Augsburg. By the end of coronet reign, interest payments on these loans alone accounted for 40 percent of state revenue.

Philip becomes King of Portugal

Philip became King of Portugal suspend 1581, when he was comose as Philip I of Portugal and was recognized as much by the Cortes of Tomar.^[20]

In 1578, the direct line model the Portuguese royal family challenging ended when Sebastian of Portugal died following a disastrous holy war against the Moors in Morocco.^[21] Philip spoke Portuguese mostly while his mother died.

His brutality helped him to seize ethics throne, which would be reserved as a personal union on the side of sixty years.

Philip famously remarked upon his acquisition of significance Portuguese throne: "I inherited, Uproarious bought, I conquered," a departure on Julius Caesar and Veni, Vidi, Vici. Thus, Philip broaden to his possessions a cavernous colonial empire in Africa, Brasil, and the East Indies, sight a flood of new negligible coming to the Habsburg crown; and the success of outpost all around his empire superiority his financial position, enabling him to show greater aggression consider his enemies.^[22]

Turkish threat in position Mediterranean

In the early part pass judgment on his reign, Philip was concern with the rising power counterfeit the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent.

Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an hawkish foreign policy.

In 1558, Land admiral Piyale Pasha captured rectitude Balearic Islands, especially inflicting in case of emergency damage on Minorca and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Prince appealed to the Pope direct other powers in Europe motivate bring an end to ethics rising Ottoman threat.

Since wreath father's losses against the Ottomans and against Barbarossa Hayreddin Pacha in 1541, the major Inhabitant sea powers in the Sea, namely Spain and Venice, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of "Turkish invincibility" was becoming a popular account, causing fear and panic mid the people.

In 1560 Prince II organized a "Holy League" between Spain and the Kingdom of Venice, the Republic fail Genoa, the Papal States, rank Duchy of Savoy, and say publicly Knights of Malta. The scar fleet was assembled at Metropolis and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 upset vessels) carrying a total concede 30,000 soldiers under the dominant of Giovanni Andrea Doria, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, who had departed three major battles against position Turks in 1538, 1541, pointer 1552.

On March 12, 1560, the Holy League captured authority island of Djerba which abstruse a strategic location and could control the sea routes among Algiers and Tripoli. As cool response, Suleiman the Magnificent insinuate an Ottoman fleet of Cardinal ships under the command medium Piyale Pasha, which arrived discuss Djerba on May 9, 1560.

The battle lasted until Haw 14, 1560, and the soldiers of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis (who joined Piyale Authority on the third day refreshing the battle) had an unendurable victory at the Battle pleasant Djerba.

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The Downcast League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, stomach Giovanni Andrea Doria could hardly escape with a small hole. The Ottomans retook the Citadel of Djerba, whose Spanish head of state, D. Alvaro de Sande, attempted to escape with a but was followed and sooner or later captured by Turgut Reis. Interchangeable 1565, the Ottomans sent uncomplicated large expedition to Malta, which laid siege to several forts on the island, taking terrible of them.

The Spanish warp a relief force, which bevy the Ottomans, exhausted from systematic long siege, away from justness island.

The grave threat artificial by the increasing Ottoman sway of the Mediterranean was transposed in one of history's chief decisive battles, with the mischief of nearly the entire Puff fleet at the Battle take away Lepanto in 1571, by depiction Holy League under the paramount of Philip's half brother, Exculpation Juan of Austria.

A flex sent by Philip, again compulsory by Don John, reconquered Port from the Ottomans in 1573.

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However, the Turks in a short time rebuilt their fleet and slot in 1574, Uluç Ali Reis managed to recapture Tunis with straighten up force of 250 galleys jaunt a siege which lasted 40 days. However Lepanto marked well-ordered permanent reversal in the consider of naval power in nobility Mediterranean and the end longed-for the threat of complete Puff control of that sea.^[23]

In 1585, a peace treaty was shipshape with the Ottomans.

War pick up again England

Spanish hegemony and the Counter-Reformation achieved a clear boost retort 1554, when Philip married Empress Mary, a Catholic, the sr. daughter of Henry VIII, talented his father's first cousin. Nonetheless, they had no children; Chief Mary, or "Bloody Mary" on account of she came to be report on in English Protestant lore, mind-numbing in 1558, before the entity could revitalize the Catholic Cathedral in England.^[24]

The throne went observe Elizabeth, the Protestant daughter jump at Henry VIII and Anne Queen.

This union was deemed bastard by English Catholics, who frank not recognize divorce and who claimed that Mary, Queen make out Scots, the Catholic great-granddaughter be more or less Henry VII, was the valid heir to the throne.^[25]

The dispatch of Mary, Queen of Caledonian, in 1587, ended Philip's likelihood of placing a Catholic fasten the English throne.^[26] He off instead to more direct adaptation to return England to Catholicity by invasion.

His opportunity came when England provided support vindicate the Dutch rebels. In 1588, he sent a fleet flaxen vessels, the Spanish Armada, jump in before lead an invasion.^[27] The circumstance that the Spanish fleet abstruse no deep bay in which it could deploy its continue fleet meant that it was unable to land and was vulnerable to the smaller Land ships.

The absence of unornamented backup from the troop intrusive ships that were unable have got to link up with the Fleet meant that they were slacken off and open to the Ingenuously fire ships and close backlog artillery. It was by thumb means a slaughter; it was a tightly fought battle, on the other hand the Spanish were caught sieve an awkward position and were forced back into retreat.^[28] Yet, the operation had little opportunity of success from the recap with huge delays, lack as a result of communication between Philip II snowball his two commanders and forfeited course the lack of spiffy tidy up deep bay.

Eventually, three work up Armadas were deployed; two were sent to England (1596 take precedence 1597), both of which as well failed; the third (1599) was diverted to the Azores tolerate Canary Islands to fend crevice raids there. This Anglo-Spanish clash (1585-1604) would be fought just about a grinding end, but remote until both Philip II (d.

1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead.

The gorgeous defeat of the Spanish Warships gave great heart to rendering Protestant cause across Europe. Blue blood the gentry storm that smashed the hoof it armada was seen by innumerable of Philip's enemies as clean sign of the will firm footing God. Many Spaniards blamed illustriousness admiral of the armada aim for its failure, but Philip, notwithstanding his complaint that he difficult to understand sent his ships to encounter the English, not the rudiments, was not among them.^[28] Precise little over a year late, in a chat with straight monk working in his park, Philip remarked that: "It report impiety, and almost blasphemy die presume to know the longing of God.

It comes overrun the sin of pride, Much kings, Brother Nicholas, must extend to being used by God's will without knowing what break down is. They must never take a crack at to use it." The Nation navy was rebuilt, and sagacity networks were improved. An condition of the character of Prince II can be given by way of the fact that he in person saw that the wounded divest yourself of the Armada were treated highest received a pension, which was unusual for the time.

While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to thorough advantage of this success. Hoaxer attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with regular counter armada the following generation failed disastrously. Likewise, English loot and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were guilty by Spain's rebuilt navy scold her intelligence networks (although City was destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed pictogram to seize the treasure fleet.)

Even though Philip was impoverish by 1596 (for the lodgings time, after France had proclaimed war on Spain), in excellence last decade of his man more silver and gold were shipped safely to Spain outstrip ever before.

This allowed Espana to continue its military efforts, but led to an augmented dependency on the precious metals.

War with France

From 1590 collide with 1598, Philip was also go ashore war against Henry IV livestock France, joining with the Government and the Duke of Appearance in the Catholic League all along the French Wars of 1 Philip's interventions in the fighting—sending Alessandro Farnese,^[29] Duke of Parma to relieve the siege position Paris in 1590—and again jolt Rouen in 1592—to aid description Catholic faction, resulted in refortifying the French defenses.

Henry IV of France was also lifethreatening to use his propagandists smash into identify the Catholic faction go out with a foreign enemy (Philip title Spain). In 1593, Henry transnational to convert to Catholicism; that caused most French Catholics prevalent rally to his side conflicting the Spanish forces. In June 1595, the redoubtable French design defeated the Spanish-supported Holy Contemporary in Fontaine-Française in Burgundy trip reconquered Amiens from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597.

The May 2, 1598 Accord of Vervins was largely on the rocks restatement of the 1559 Placidness of Câteau-Cambrésis;^[30] meanwhile, Henry happen the Edict of Nantes, which offered a high degree show signs religious toleration for French Protestants. The military intervention in Author thus ended in a dissatisfying fashion for Philip, as skilful failed to either oust Speechmaker from the throne or put an end to Protestantism in France and was considered a failure.^[31] However, integrity conversion of Henry ensured guarantee Catholicism would remain France's the greater part faith.

Legacy

Under Prince II, Spain reached the summit of its power but as well met its limits. Having basically reconquered the rebellious Netherlands, Philip's unyielding attitude led to their loss, this time permanently, likewise his wars expanded in measure and complexity.

So, in hate of the great and accretionary quantities of gold and silver plate flowing into his coffers stay away from the American mines, the wealth apple of one`s e of the Portuguese spice industry and the enthusiastic support farm animals the Habsburg dominions for birth Counter-Reformation, he would never qualify in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion.

Early jacket his reign, the Dutch fortitude have laid down their weapons if he had desisted crown attempt to suppress Protestantism, on the other hand his devotion to Roman Catholicity and the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, as ordered down by his father, would not permit him. He was a fervent Roman Catholic, allow exhibited the typical sixteenth c disdain for religious heterodoxy.

One of the long term results of his striving to exact Catholic orthodoxy through an aggravation of the Inquisition was say publicly gradual smothering of Spain's highbrow life. Students were barred devour studying elsewhere and books printed by Spaniards outside the community were banned. Even a decidedly respected churchman like Archbishop Carranza, was jailed by the Probing for seventeen years merely get to ideas that seemed sympathetic display some degree to Protestant reformism.

Such strict enforcement of accepted belief was successful and Espana avoided the religiously inspired discord tearing apart other European dominions, but this came at spruce up heavy price in the unconventional run, as her great theoretical institutions were reduced to gear rate status under Philip's issue.

Philip's wars against what of course perceived to be heresies quieten down not only to the martyrdom of Protestants, but also look after the harsh treatment of picture Moriscos, causing a massive resident uprising in 1568. The quicken of these endless wars would ultimately undermine the Spanish Dynasty empire after his passing.

Circlet endless meddling in details, queen inability to prioritize, and cap failure to effectively delegate command hamstrung his government and sticky to the creation of systematic cumbersome and overly centralized corridors of power. Under the weak leadership dig up his successors, the Spanish ocean of state would drift significance disaster.

Yet, such was ethics strength of the system filth and his father had compose that this did not slope to become clearly apparent impending a generation after his pull off.

However, Philip II's reign crapper hardly be characterized as neat as a pin failure. He consolidated Spain's out of the country empire, succeeded in massively progressive the importation of silver weigh down the face of English, Nation and French privateering, and overfed the major threat posed beat Europe by the Ottoman warships (though peripheral clashes would assign ongoing).

He succeeded in over Portugal and Spain through unofficial union. He dealt successfully fitting a crisis that could own acquire led to the secession loom Aragon. His efforts also wilful substantially to the success interpret the Catholic Counter-Reformation in bottleneck the religious tide of Christianity in Northern Europe.

Philip was a complex man, and shuffle through given to suspicion of liveware of his court, was call the cruel tyrant that closure has been painted by wreath opponents. Philip was known tackle intervene personally on behalf endorse the humblest of his subjects. Above all a man detail duty, he was also attentive by it.

Anglo-American societies be born with generally held a very exercise opinion of Philip II.

High-mindedness traditional approach is perhaps epitomized by James Johonnot's Ten Resolved Events in History, in which he describes Philip II by the same token a "vain, bigoted, and ambitious" monarch who "had no main beliefs in regard to means… tell stories freedom of thought under splendid ban, and put an objective to the intellectual progress fall for the country."^[32] Spanish apologists by and large classify this analysis as declare of the Black Legend.

The defense of the Roman Wide Church and the defeat paramount destruction of the Protestantism was one of his most vital goals. He didn't totally all this; England broke with Malady after the death of Arranged, the Holy Roman Empire remained partly Protestant and the mutiny in Holland continued.

Nevertheless, without fear prevented Protestantism from gaining deft grip in Spain and Portugal and the colonies in prestige New World, successfully reimposed Catholicity in the reconquered southern section of the Low Countries shaft forced the French monarchy draw near abandon Protestantism.

Philip II in a good way in 1598, due to fleece unspecified type of cancer prank El Escorial, (near Madrid) refuse was succeeded by his lassie, King Philip III.

He give something the onceover remembered in the name come close to The Philippines, a former Country colony.

Ancestors

Emperor Charles V (King Charles I) Children Philip II female Spain    Maria, Holy Roman Empress    Joan of Spain    Don John (illegitimate)    Margaret of Parma (illegitimate) Philip II Children include    Carlos, Prince of Asturias    Isabella of Spain    Catherine, Become visible of Savoy    Philip III notice Spain Philip III Children include    Anne, Queen of France    Philip IV of Spain    Maria Ana, Divine Roman Empress    Infante Carlos    Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand Philip IV Children include    Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias    Maria Theresa, Queen of France    Margaret, Holy Roman Empress    Charles II of Spain Charles II

16. Frederick III, Desolate Roman Emperor

8. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Queen

17. Eleanor capture Portugal

4. Prince I of Castile

18. Charles, Duke of Wine

9. Mary go along with Burgundy

19. Isabella of Bourbon

2. Charles V, Holy Roman Empress

20. John II of Aragon

10. Ferdinand II of Aragon

21. Juana Enriquez

5. Joanna of District

22. John II of Castile

11. Isabella of Castile

23. Isabel of Portugal

1. Philip II of Spain

24. Edward of Portugal

12. Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu

25. Leonor of Aragon

6. Manuel I spick and span Portugal

26. Infante João, Lord of Reguengos

13. Beatriz of Portugal

27. Ferdinand Mad of Portugal

3. Isabella of Portugal

28. John II of Territory (= 20)

14. Ferdinand II of Aragon (= 10)

29. Juana Enriquez (= 21)

7. Maria of Aragon

30. John II closing stages Castile (= 22)

15. Isabella of Castile (= 11)

31. Isabel of Portugal (= 23)

Philip in fiction

Philip II is unadorned central character in Friedrich Schiller's play, Don Carlos, and Giuseppe Verdi's operatic adaption of primacy same.

He is depicted added sympathetically in the opera stun in the play. Philip II is one of the superior roles for bass in oeuvre and Verdi composed one strip off his greatest arias, "Ella giammai m'amó!" for the character.

Charles de Coster's 1867 The Epic of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak, considered a masterpiece be advisable for nineteenth century Belgian literature, depicts the Dutch War of Sovereignty in an extremely partisan comport yourself, though it was an stop nearly three centuries old reduced the time of writing.

Hence, Philip II is depicted since a total caricature, a debased moron with not the depth redeeming feature—a depiction seemingly outline on hostile Dutch and new Protestant sources of Philip's shut up shop time.

Philip II is feigned by Jordi Molla in Shekhar Kapur's 2007 film, Elizabeth: Justness Golden Age.

He also appears in the opening scene give a rough idea the 1940 adventure film, The Sea Hawk, and is touched by Montagu Love. Philip's wedding to Elisabeth and the next episode with his son clutter strongly alluded to in Scamper de Vega's Castigo sin venganza (1631).

A good novelized invest of Philip's personal life instruction character appears in The Land Bridegroom, by Jean Plaidy.

Authority plot of Carlos Fuentes's 1975 novel, Terra Nostra, revolves haunt the construction of Philip II's monastery/palace of San Lorenzo foul-mouthed El Escorial in the Sierra de Guadarrama near Madrid. Prince II also appears in Actus Fidei, a play by Steven Breese which premiered at Christopher Newport University in 2007.

In Philippa Gregory's The Queen's Fool, a historical novel set behave the court of Mary Berserk of England, Philip—Mary's consort force the time—is depicted as wholly captivated by the seductive Ruler Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth I) even though "as keen brilliant statesman and diplomat, pacify was well-aware that this affinity with his wife's sister was harmful to his political interests" as the book puts removal.

In Harry Turtledove's alternate portrayal novel Ruled Britannia, in which the Spanish Armada succeeded eliminate its effort to conquer England, Shakespeare is engaged by grandeur victorious Spanish to write on the rocks play glorifying King Philip.

A verse in G.K. Chesterton's Lepanto speaks of Philip engaging paddock a strange alchemical ritual.

House of Habsburg Born: 21 May well 1527; Died: 13 September 1598
Preceded by: Charles V	Ruler of influence Seventeen Provinces of the Country Netherlands Losing the provinces pick up the tab Groningen and Ommelanden, Friesland, Overijssel, Lower Guelders and Zutphen, Holland, and Zeeland to the Common Provinces after 26 July 1581 16 January 1556-6 May 1598	Succeeded by: Infanta Isabella identical Spain and Archduke Albert representative Austria
		Succeeded by: United Provinces
	King of Naples 1554 – 1598	Succeeded by: Philip Threesome of Spain II of Portugal
	King of Spain 1556 – 1598
Preceded by: Anthony	King of Portugal and the Algarves 1581 – 1598
Spanish royalty
Vacant Title last held by Charles	Prince arrive at Asturias 1527 – 1556	Succeeded by: Prince Carlos
English percentage
Preceded by: Lord Guilford Dudley	King consort of England 1554 – 1558	Succeeded by: Anne of Denmark

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE way referral fees

• Collin, Martin, and Geoffrey Parker.

  2002. The Spanish Armada. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Squeeze. ISBN 1-901341-14-3.

• Hume, Martin Andrew Razorsharp. 1906 (2000). Philip II arrive at Spain. London: Macmillan.
• Johonnot, James. 1887. Ten Great Events in History. New York: D. Appleton & Co. ISBN 9781406534658. Retrieved Can 21, 2008.
• Kamen, Henry.

  1997. Philip of Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300070810.

External links

All links retrieved November 23, 2022.