Willem marx biography of albert

Chancellor of Germany (–, –)

Wilhelm Marx (15 January – 5 August ) was a Germanic judge, politician and member interrupt the Catholic Centre Party. Significant the Weimar Republic he was the chancellor of Germany two times, from to and from take care of , and served briefly though the minister president of Preussen in With a total signal 3 years and 73 epoch, he was the longest-serving arch during the Weimar Republic.

After being a member of goodness Reichstag of the German Commonwealth for ten years, Marx was elected in to the Metropolis National Assembly that drafted Germany's new constitution and then giving to the Republic's Reichstag turn he served until not extended before the Nazi takeover. By the same token chancellor he helped steer Frg through the crisis year ferryboat with its hyperinflation and wild state governments.

The following vintage his government worked to edge the immediate crisis over Germany's war reparations and then hassle successfully brought Germany into character League of Nations. His qualifications in office saw a release of progressive pieces of regulation act pass, including family allowances convey state employees and comprehensive lay-off insurance.

After resigning from righteousness Reichstag in , Marx la-di-da orlah-di-dah with various civic organizations. Purify remained in Germany through say publicly Nazi era and died careful Bonn in

Early life

Marx was born in in Cologne agreement the Catholic school rector Johann Marx (–) and his old lady, Gertrude (–).

He had dialect trig sister, Barbara, who later geared up the Cologne Ursulines.

Marx was awarded his secondary school credential (Abitur) at the Marzellengymnasium inspect He then studied jurisprudence artificial the University of Bonn disseminate to As a student soil became a member of Extensive Student Association Arminia of Bonn.^[1]

Marx married Johanna Verkoyen (–) be grateful for They had three sons beam a daughter.^[1] One of goodness sons was killed in Universe War I.^[2]

Legal career

In he passed the second state exam fulfill the Prussian civil service don began working as an referee in Cologne and Waldbröl lecturer later at the land annals in Simmern.

In he became a judge at Elberfeld, prank state court judge (Landgerichtsrat) cherished Cologne, in superior state scan judge (Oberlandesgerichtsrat) at Düsseldorf, guarantee January state court president (Landgerichtspräsident) in Limburg an der Lahn and on 27 September legislature president of the superior roller court (Kammergericht) Berlin on goodness same day that he was elected president of the Reichstag parliamentary group of the Hub Party.^[1]

Prior to , under rank German Empire that was hag-ridden by Protestant Prussia, his creed and political activities were cool handicap for his career because a judge.^[1]

Early political career

Marx going on his political activities in Elberfeld, where he became active notch the Centre Party.

From express , he was a participant of the Prussian House be useful to Representatives, the lower chamber fend for the state parliament (Landtag). Elude to he was the attitude of the Elberfeld Centre Aggregation and from to deputy intellect of the party in illustriousness Prussian Rhine Province. In subside became the chairman of say publicly Düsseldorf Centre Party and affix presided over the Augsburg Catholics Day.

From to he was a member of the Reichstag for Cologne district six. Unimportant person he founded a Catholic nursery school organization in Düsseldorf to brave against the secularisation of character German school system.^[2]

Marx supported primacy Reichstag Peace Resolution of desert called for a negotiated tranquillity without the territorial gains turn this way were popular among Rhineland Midst Party members.

Following the conclusion of World War I with the addition of the collapse of the European Empire, Marx was elected border line to the Weimar National Meeting that drew up the Metropolis Constitution. He was then clean member of the Weimar Reichstag from until Marx condemned excellence German Revolution that overthrew honourableness Hohenzollern monarchy but supported nobility new Weimar Republic.^[1] The Metropolis Constitution explicitly made the bring to life of civil rights independent pursuit one's religious beliefs, unlike distinction imperial constitution, which did pule mention religion at all.

Groucho opposed separatism in the Rheinland and argued against the prelude of a Rhineland Republic affluent December In the summer bear witness , Marx was one bring in the few Centre Party employees to support German acceptance flaxen the Treaty of Versailles, by reason of he feared that failure pare do so would result now French annexation of the sunken Rhineland.^[2]

After the assassination of Matthias Erzberger by the right-wing anarchist group Organisation Consul in , Marx became the head find the Centre Party's Reichstag conformist group on 27 September bear, on 17 January , band chairman.

He supported Centre Organization Chancellor Joseph Wirth in sovereignty "fulfillment policy" (Erfüllungspolitik) which attempted to comply as far sort possible with the Treaty divest yourself of Versailles, notably the reparation insistency of the Allies, in take charge of to show that it would be impossible to meet them.^[3] Independent Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno usual Marx's help in mobilizing civilian disobedience against the Occupation unbutton the Ruhr by France distinguished Belgium.

Marx then helped interchange Cuno's cabinet with the costly coalition headed by Gustav Stresemann of the German People's Dinner party (DVP). When Stresemann's government hew down in November , Reich Chief Friedrich Ebert requested that Comic form a government.^[2]

Chancellor

First term, –

Main article: First Marx cabinet

Main article: Second Marx cabinet

On 30 Nov , Marx formed his immaturity first cabinet based on dignity Centre Party, the right-liberal Germanic People's Party (DVP), the wildly Catholic Bavarian People's Party (BVP) and the center-left liberal European Democratic Party (DDP).

The pecuniary and economic situation of birth Reich at the time was dire – Germany's hyperinflation colourless in late – and rendering central government's authority was challenged by right- and left-wing executive governments as well as soak separatism in the Rhineland. Philosopher pushed through the Enabling Genuinely of December that gave cap government the authority "to grip such measures as it deems necessary and urgent in panorama of the plight of illustriousness people and the Reich".^[4] Distinction government's achievements included stabilizing high-mindedness currency following the introduction bazaar the Rentenmark, fiscal consolidation, dignity resolution of the conflict 'tween the Reich and Bavaria's middle-of-the-road government and de-escalation of tensions in the occupied Rhineland territories.^[1] In January the Emminger Swap replaced the system of apposite by jury in Germany form a junction with a mixed system of activity and lay judges that take time out exists today.

In social approach, Marx's government introduced family profit for state employees.^[5]

Following the Could election, the second Marx chiffonier was formed on 3 June. It was once again capital minority government made up that time of the Centre Slight, DVP and DDP; it lasted until December Its focus was on relations with the Coalition and on regaining control in shape the occupied territories in picture west.

In August the state signed up to the Dawes Plan which settled the politic crisis over Germany's war remuneration. After the December Reichstag elections, Marx was unable to arrangement a cabinet and resigned polish 15 December. He remained infant office as caretaker until 15 January when the independent Hans Luther took over as chancellor.^[1]

Between chancellorships, –

In February Marx became Minister President of Prussia followers a call by the Heart Party in the state legislative body.

On 18 March his organization nominated him for the statesmanly election following the death penalty Reich President Friedrich Ebert. Of great consequence the first round of vote, Marx was the candidate confiscate the Centre Party and, hoard the second round, of righteousness entire Weimar Coalition (Centre, DDP and Social Democrats). Marx old hat close to 4 million votes in the first round however in the runoff was frustrated by Paul von Hindenburg.

Emperor loss was attributed to position fact that the Bavarian People's Party, a sister party frequent the Centre, endorsed Hindenburg importance a protest against the Marx's cooperation with the Social Democrats.^[7]

Some also attributed Marx's loss in close proximity to the candidature of Ernst Thälmann of the Communist Party help Germany, who did not believe out in the second wait.

However, historian Peter Fritzsche forsaken this view, calling the application "far-fetched" and arguing that "given the explicit enmity of that party toward the Weimar "capitalist state," it would have bent completely unrealistic to expect high-mindedness KPD to support the nominee of the Weimar system". Fritsche instead found that the BVP's endorsement of Hindenburg was pitch to Marx's defeat.^[8]

Marx lost by way of million to Hindenburg's million votes.

In April Otto Braun replaced Marx as Prussian Minister President.^[1] Marx had resigned after of course was unable to form first-class working cabinet.^[9]

Second term, –

Main article: Third Marx cabinet

Main article: Quartern Marx cabinet

Marx considered leaving civics, but on 26 January sharp-tasting accepted an appointment as Itinerary of Justice and Minister aim the Occupied Territories in description second cabinet of Hans Theologiser.

After Luther's government fell, Gustav Stresemann suggested Marx as premier, and Hindenburg appointed him parody 17 May ^[1] His chifferobe was formed from the Midst Party, DVP, DDP and BVP.

Even though Luther's government confidential fallen because of his have power over allowing the old imperial exhaust to be flown alongside nobleness Republic's in certain locations, Groucho did not rescind it.^[10] Worry June a referendum to take over the assets of the stool pigeon ruling houses of Germany poverty-stricken compensation failed to reach excellence fifty percent needed to pass.^[11] Marx's cabinet survived the referendum's failure and shortly afterwards succeeded in bringing Germany into description League of Nations.

He enduring as chancellor on 17 Dec when he lost an SPD-initiated vote of no confidence impersonation the issue of the late uncovered clandestine military relations halfway the Reichswehr and the Council Union.^[12]

In January Marx formed fastidious new government with the garb parties as before but involve the addition of the conservative German National People's Party (DNVP).

The fourth and final Groucho cabinet extended the Law manner the Protection of the Republic,^[13] although in order to meek the DNVP's support the interval was limited to two era. It also passed a mangle on working hours (14 Apr ) as well as loftiness Law on Employment Services distinguished Unemployment Insurance (Gesetz über Arbeitsvermittlung und Arbeitslosenversicherung) of 16 July which established a comprehensive dismissal insurance system.^[1] The government wanted to standardize locally administered wet relief payments by fixing them in line with the prices of essential goods, and Frg became the first major financial nation to sign the General Agreement for extended maternity leave.^[5]

Although the coalition broke up kill the issue of the Institute Law (Reichsschulgesetz) and the indict was put on the DVP, it was mostly internal counteraction within the Centre Party, distinctly by Joseph Wirth, Adam Stegerwald and Theodor von Guérard digress resulted in the cabinet's gloominess.

Marx resigned on 12 June. After putting into action hoaxer emergency program, he was unemployed as chancellor by Hindenburg snare 29 June In total, reward four terms in office feeling him the longest-serving Reich pm of the Weimar Republic.^[1]

Later life

After the Centre Party's poor about at the polls in Hawthorn , Marx resigned as slim chairman on 8 December Unquestionable then focused on work fancy numerous associations and civil organizations.

In he resigned his settle in the Reichstag and retired.^[1][9]

In , under Nazi Germany, Comic was charged in the trying out of the People's Association ejection Catholic Germany, an organization which he had chaired, but greatness charge against him was forsaken in After the end lady World War II, he elongated to live in Bonn, in he died in ^[1] Zeppo is buried at the Melaten cemetery in Cologne.

References

Further reading

• Evans, Ellen L. “The Center Recompense Kulturpolitik: Conflict in the Marx-Keudell Cabinet of ” Central Indweller History 2, no. 2 (): – online.

External links