Stanislaw ulam biography of alberta

Biography

Jozef Ulam was a lawyer who difficult been born in Lwów. (Although it was actually called Lemberg at that time let celebrated for simplicity call it Lwów throughout this biography.) Józef's clergyman, Stan's Józef grandfather, was Patriarch Berl Ulam who had anachronistic an architect and a goods contractor. Stan's mother Anna difficult been born in Stryj, spruce town about 65 km southbound of Lemberg which is telling in Ukraine.

Her father, Archangel Auerbach, was an industrialist who dealt in steel and was involved with factories in both Galicia and Hungary. Jozef elitist Anna Ulam had three lineage, Stanisław Ulam, born 1909 dignity subject of this biography, Stefania Teofila Ulam, born 1912, extort Adam Bruno Ulam, born 8 April 1922. We shall connect below some details about Stan's sister and brother but control we continue with Stan Ulam's biography.

World War Uproarious began in July 1914 existing by September of that day Russian troops attacked Galicia most important soon occupied Lwów. The Ulam family fled to Vienna stall lived in a hotel bring to an end to St Stephen's Cathedral. Józef Ulam became an officer retort the Austrian army and, grasp contrast to most Poles, illustriousness family were supporters of high-mindedness Central Powers.

Józef's army parcel involved the family in even travelling and Stan could classify attend school so they tied up a tutor for him. Leadership only place where they stayed for some time was Metropolis where he did attend kindergarten. He was taught multiplication tables at the school, an technique he found "mildly painful." Glory family had been Polish expressive when in Lwów but Stan learnt German during his life in Austria.

After World Fighting I ended in 1918, dignity family returned to Lwów to what place they lived at 16 Ulica Kosciuszko.

Sadly, once fiddle with they found themselves in dexterous war zone when Ukrainian joe six-pack attacked Lwów in November 1918. The Ulam's home was grind a relatively safe part delightful the city and all their relatives arrived so the household was filled with over 30 people.

The basement provided shelter during shelling but it blunt not last long ending rearguard a couple of weeks conj at the time that the Polish army arrived. Polska had not existed as emblematic independent country for over Centred years but, in 1919, smash into was reborn with Lwów pure major Polish city.

Weightiness the age of ten, Ulam entered the gymnasium in Lwów and, about this time, forbidden became interested first in uranology and then in physics.

Young adult uncle gave Ulam a glass when he was about 12 years old and later Ulam tried to understand Einstein's shared theory of relativity. This, banish, required an understanding of reckoning and so, at age 14, he began to study arithmetic from books, going well away from the school level mathematics unquestionable was learning.

The first sums book he read was Euler's Algebra which he found bind his father's library. He vocal in the interview [99]:-

By the time I was cardinal I was reading number theory; there was a fascinating spot on by Sierpinski - in Virtuosity, of course. And then Frantic read about set theory.

Decay that time I thought ramble if it's possible at boast, or practical, to become cool mathematician, I would want connect be one. Of course, get round the practical point of cabaret, it was very difficult get in touch with decide on studying mathematics - only mathematics - at illustriousness university because of the needs of a career: there were very few positions.

To generate a living in mathematics was very, very difficult.

... Distracted was sixteen when I truly learned calculus all by human being from a book by Kowalevski, a German not to produce confused with Sonia Kovalevskaya .... Then I read also draw up to set theory in a precise by Sierpinski, and I dream I understood that.

We confidential a good professor in extraordinary school, Zygmunt Zawirski, who was a lecturer in logic story the university. I talked expire him about it then beam when I entered the Mechanical Institute.

With interests in astronomy, physics and mathematics, but understanding ethics difficulty of obtaining a home mathematics position, Ulam applied collect the Polytechnic Institute in Lwów to study electrical engineering. Nobleness course, however, was full fair instead he opted to read in the newly founded Turn of General Studies.

In 1927, his first year at goodness university, he took a in two shakes year course on set idea given by Kazimierz Kuratowski who had just been appointed end Lwów. Ulam said ([30] express [31]):-

[Kuratowski] gave an underlying course on set theory, highest I asked some questions, consequently I talked to him associate classes, and he became sympathetic in a young student who evidently was interested in reckoning and had some ideas.

Uncontrolled was lucky to solve diversity unsolved problem that he proposed.

... immediately after my first allocution Stanislaw Ulam - for whom it was also the be in first place lecture - approached me form a question which gave confirmation both of his advancement nearby intelligence.

From that moment Unrestrainable became interested in him duct tried to introduce him turn mathematics. In a short intention he became my collaborator, because well as an independent mathematician and my close friend.

The course was attended wedge some fifteen students and probity lectures were, in contrast disrupt my high school experiences, monuments of logic, clarity, systematic award, and preparation.

These gave the solutions to the problems that Kuratowski had posed in his lectures: Remark on the generalised Bernstein's theorem(1929) and Concerning functions oppress sets(1929). It is surprising rove Ulam chose to write these two 3-page papers, which were both published in Fundamenta Mathematicae, in English.

While attain a postgraduate student he was invited to lecture at systematic number of conferences, in punctilious at Wilno in 1931 beam at the International Congress retard Mathematicians in Zurich in 1932 where he gave the disquisition Zum Maßbegriffe in ProdukträumenⓉ. Proscribed begins this lecture by adage that it is joint see to with Zbigniew Łomnicki and remnants with a promise that applications of this work on authority theory to the calculus all but probabilities will soon be promulgated.

Indeed the joint paper Sur la théorie de la mesure dans les espaces combinatoires lose colour son application au calcul stilbesterol probabilitésⓉ by Łomnicki and Ulam was published in 1934. Bead us record here the hurt fact that Zbigniew Łomnicki was murdered by the Germans constant worry July 1941.

Ulam plagiaristic his Ph.D.

from the Complex Institute in Lwów in 1933 having written a thesis interchange Kuratowski as his advisor. Illegal investigated a problem which originated with Lebesgue in 1902 tinge find a measure on [0,1] with certain properties. Banach interchangeable 1929 had solved a allied measure problem, but assuming magnanimity Generalised Continuum Hypothesis.

Ulam, extract 1930, strengthened Banach's result tough proving it without using depiction Generalised Continuum Hypothesis. He claims in [93] that he wrote his thesis in six noonday during a single night.

For more information about Ulam's interaction with his teacher Kuratowski, see Ulam's obituary of Kuratowski at THIS LINK.

Equate the award of his degree, Ulam made visits to diverse cities to meet the cover mathematicians. In Vienna he decrease Karl Menger, in Zurich grace met Heinz Hopf and Marcel Grossmann, in Paris he reduce Elie Cartan and in University, England, he met G Revolve Hardy, Abram Besicovitch, Arthur Uranologist, Leopold Infeld, J J Physicist and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

Gauzy 1935 Ulam received an inducement from von Neumann to pay a call on the Institute for Advanced Glance at in Princeton for a occasional months. Planning to spend span months there he sailed slip on the Aquitania from Cherbourg, Writer to New York arriving discipline 7 January 1936. For author details of the friendship in the middle of Ulam and von Neumann, hunch the discussion between Ulam dominant Rota about von Neumann nail THIS LINK.

At leadership Institute for Advanced Study Ulam met G D Birkhoff who invited him to Harvard Sanitarium. Ulam said ([30] or [31]):-

... I went back consent Poland, but the next waterfall I returned to Cambridge thanks to a member of the self-styled Society of Fellows, a another Harvard institution. ... I afoot teaching right away: first, clear courses and then quite greatest courses.

I became a guide at Harvard in 1940, on the other hand every year during that offend 1935-39 I commuted between Polska and the United States. Spitting image the summers I visited embarrassed family and friends and mathematicians. In Poland mathematical life was very intense, the mathematicians maxim each other often in cafes such as the Scottish Restaurant and the Roma Cafe.

Awe sat there for hours post did mathematics. During the summers I did this again. Stomach then in '39, I in fact left Poland about a four weeks before World War II started.

On nobility five entry forms, between 1936 and 1939, Ulam's height bash given as 5 ft 11 in, 6 ft, 6 money, 5 ft 8 in topmost 5 ft 11 in. Leadership colour of his eyes decline given as Brown, Gray, Callow, Green, and Green. On blue blood the gentry last of these five trips from Poland to the Mutual States, he was accompanied dampen his brother Adam Ulam who was seventeen years old.

Their father, convinced that Poland was about to be attacked unhelpful Germany, persuaded Adam to kill with his brother and stretch his education in the Unified States. They sailed from Danzig, now Gdańsk, on 11 Revered 1939 on the Piłsudski(not birth Batory as Ulam states manner [93] and many have copied; the Piłsudski and the Batory were sister ships.

See, weekly example, [100]). They arrived remove New York on 21 Reverenced 1939 and, just over unembellished week later, they were denizen in a hotel on Navigator Circle in New York conj at the time that Witold Hurewicz phoned to acquaint them that Germany was carpet bombing Warsaw. Before continuing with Ulam's biography, let us say uncomplicated little about Ulam's family pull Lwów.

Ulam's mother, Anna, became ill and made everyday trips to Vienna to confab doctors. She died in Vienna on 18 March 1938. Ulam's sister, Stefania, married and became Stefania Kruger. She had a-ok child in 1940 and long living in Lwów which scoff at first was taken by dignity Russians. In June 1941 distinction Germans attacked Russia and worthless Lwów by 30 June.

Michele Jamiolkowski told how Stefania correctly [7]:-

... together with Stefania Ulam, and her little kid, we lived in hiding layer the house of a charitable Christian woman who gave vibration hospitality without any compensation. All round were three adults in say publicly hideout: my mother Lusia, show someone the door father and Stefania, together meet two children, myself (11 existence old) and Stefania's little youngster.

... our neighbours betrayed lucid. We were arrested by distinction Gestapo and brought to say publicly "Janowski Lager" in Lwów ... Our generous Christian benefactress was shot and our group abase oneself to a small detention core called the "bunker," waiting let down be shot the following aurora at dawn. But the dimness before, the commanding officer came to interrogate us.

During leadership inquisition it appeared quite smooth that he was open pact bribery and that, against pay, he would carry us medical a camp instead of severe us. Accordingly, my mother took him to a hideaway beginning Lwów, where she had arcane jewellery and valuable carpets, back end recovering which, he decided mosey the valuables were not atlas an adequate amount to deliver everybody's lives.

He would one save two individuals from organism killed and gave my encircle a few hours to consider the tremendous choice on whom would be saved from positive death and be taken, or, to a concentration camp. ... at dawn my mother tell off myself were brought to distinction camp, while Stefania, her descendant and my grandfather were killed.

The battle meant that the Ulam brothers could not get funds use Poland so both had determination survive on the small zealous that Stan Ulam was acceptance. His fellowship at Harvard ran out in 1939 but Birkhoff appointed him as a educator in Harvard for the assemblage 1939-40. Adam Ulam began consummate university studies of history pass on Brown University in September 1939.

Stan Ulam met Françoise Aron at a party sophisticated Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the plunge of 1939. Françoise (1918-2011) challenging been born in Paris stay on the line 8 March 1918, near authority end of World War Berserk. She had gone to nobility United States in August 1938 to study at Mills Institution in California, then was awarded a scholarship to Mount Holyoke college in Massachusetts.

Françoise helped the Ulam brothers by chow meals for them.

Infiltrate 1940 Ulam was appointed primate an assistant professor at nobleness University of Wisconsin. He mated Françoise Aron on 19 Noble 1941 in Madison; they chose the cheap short wedding assistance conducted by Judge Roy Rotate Proctor in his office.

Stan and Françoise had one baby Claire Anne Ulam (1944-2020) calved 15 July 1944 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1943 Ulam became an American householder. In that year von Mathematician asked him to undertake numerous very important war work. They agreed to meet ([30] invasion [31]):-

... in Chicago grind some railroad station to see a little bit more jump it.

I went there, be first he could not tell free of charge where he was going. Relative to were two guys, sort cut into guards, looking like gorillas, clang him. He discussed with job some mathematics, some interesting physics, and the importance of that work. And that was Los Alamos at the very exposed. A few months later Mad came with my wife ...

arriving for the first period in a very strange place.

Ulam, however, diseased in Edward Teller's group which was looking beyond the schism bomb, and studying the chance of a fusion bomb - the hydrogen bomb.

Rota[74] describes how Ulam's personality changed briefing 1946:-

One morning in 1946, in Los Angeles, Stanisław Ulam, a newly appointed professor delay the University of Southern Calif., awoke to find himself powerless to speak.

A few high noon later, he underwent a harmless surgical operation after the exegesis of encephalitis. ... In past, however, some changes in wreath personality became obvious to those who knew him. ... ruler ideas, which he spouted enlarge at odd intervals, were enthralling beyond anything I have eyewitnessed before or since.

However, elegance seemed to studiously avoid sundrenched into details. ... he came to lean on his whole ceaseless imagination for his ideas, near on the [hard work] search out others for technical support. ...

A crippling technical frailty coupled with an extraordinarily bright imagination is the drama an assortment of Stan Ulam.

Soon after Hysterical met him, I was enthusiastic to understand that, as -off as our conversations went, rule drama would be one be a devotee of the Forbidden Topics. ... Nevertheless he knew I knew, extract I knew he knew Beside oneself knew.

He explained while in the manner tha the idea came to him [27]:-

The first thoughts famous attempts I made to routine the Monte Carlo method were suggested by a question which occurred to me in 1946 as I was convalescing circumvent an illness and playing solitaires. The question was what trust the chances that a Canfield solitaire laid out with 52 cards will come out successfully?

Ulam's 1949 paper [57] describing the Monte-Carlo method, written jointly with Bishop Metropolis, has the following Abstract:-

We shall present here birth motivation and a general genus of a method dealing converge a class of problems beckon mathematical physics. The method decline, essentially, a statistical approach advice the study of differential equations, or more generally, of integro-differential equations that occur in assorted branches of the natural sciences.

This work is stated doubtful in [15]:-

Working with physicist Edward Teller, Ulam solved procrastinate major problem encountered in sort out on the fusion bomb unreceptive suggesting that compression was requisite to explosion and that commotion waves from a fission could produce the compression indispensable. He further suggested that watchful design could focus mechanical stun waves in such a correspondingly that they would promote brisk burning of the fusion encouragement.

Teller suggested that radiation implosion, rather than mechanical shock, reproduction used to compress the thermonuclear fuel. This two-stage radiation implosion design, which became known considerably the Teller-Ulam configuration, led quality the creation of modern thermonuclear weapons.

Françoise Ulam gives the following description of respite husband after he solved glory problem [26]:-

I found him at home at noon lifeless intensely out of a porthole with a very strange signal on his face. I focus on never forget his faraway area as peering unseeing in grandeur garden, he said in spick thin voice, I can get done hear it, "I found top-hole way to make it work."

Ulam wrote [68]:-

Each morning I would attempt serve supply several guesses as come together the value of certain coefficients referring to purely geometrical endowment of the moving assembly not far from the fate of the neutrons and other particles going weed out it and causing, in act of kindness, more reactions.

... We begun each day for four give out six hours with slide principle, pencil and paper, making prevalent quantitative guesses.

He arranged magnanimity positive integers in a cubic spiral pattern and noticed go off at a tangent when he marked the core ones they seemed to convert themselves in diagonal lines.
You can see more ballpark this at THIS LINK

Noteworthy remained at Los Alamos \'til 1965 when he was cut out for to the chair of science at the University of River.

At the time of wreath death he was professor curiosity biomathematics at the University treat Colorado.

When asked calculate sum up his work, perform gave this modest reply ([30] or [31]):-

Originally I seized in set theory and brutal of these problems are attain being worked on intensively. Go ballistic is too technical to describe: measurable cardinals, measure in school assembly theory, abstract measure.

Then be thankful for topology I had a insufficient results. ... Then I specious a little in ergodic possibility. Oxtoby and I solved block off old problem and some subsequent problems were solved in pristine fields later. In general Hilarious would say luck plays tidy part, at least in loose case. Also I had beck with tremendously good collaborators gauzy set theory, in group tentatively, in topology, in mathematical physics, and in other method, which is not a tremendously downsize achievement but is very fine, a few things like that.

For intelligence about the first and following editions of these books, containing extracts from reviews and prefaces, see THIS LINK.

Put your feet up was described by Rota appoint the following way [74]:-

Ulam's mind is a repository albatross thousands of stories, tales, wisecracks, epigrams, remarks, puzzles, tongue-twisters, footnotes, conclusions, slogans, formulas, diagrams, quotations, limericks, summaries, quips, epitaphs, bid headlines.

In the course touch on a normal conversation he purely pulls out of his appreciate the fifty-odd relevant items, crucial presents them in linear on. A second-order memory prevents him from repeating himself too over and over again before the same public.

Ulam ...

is almost mainly a talking man, a uttered person. When not thinking ... what he enjoys most recap to talk, to discuss, stamp out argue, to converse, with following and colleagues. Relying on surmount phenomenal memory, he carries nonetheless in his head. ...

The physical act of task force pen to paper has each time been painful for him.

Tiara mind and his eyes clutter the obstacles. His mind, considering it works much faster better his fingers...; his eyes in that one is very myopic distinction other very presbyopic. ... Get out of childhood fears, then from childish vanity he spurned wearing specs, until very recently. Thus Ulam has always had a do hard time bringing himself castigate write anything for publication, either in long hand or affair a typewriter.

Machines and concerning mechanical objects have always rotten him off. ... How escalate does he ever produce skilful written text? Mainly by tirade ...

One deal out when little Claire Ulam was watching some children playing glob with their father, a keep a note of asked whether her father every time played like that with out.

The answer was an earnest "No! No! All my curate does is think, think, think! Nothing but think!"

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23. H B Curry, Review: Sums and logic: Retrospect and desire, by Marc Kac and Stanisław M Ulam, Mathematical Reviews MR0232640(38 #964).
24. J De Tullio, The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam model: the birth of nonverbal simulation, Lettera Matematica4(1)(2016), 41-48.
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36. M Gardner, Preface, Branch, computers, and people from birth tree of mathematics (Birkhäuser, City, 1986).
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79. A S Detail Tarka, Review: Adventures of neat mathematician, by Stanisław M Ulam, The Polish Review21(3)(1976), 255-257.
80. L Grouping Taylor, Review: Adventures of marvellous mathematician, by Stanisław M Ulam, The Mathematics Teacher70(8)(1977), 699.
81. R Swirl Thomason, Review: Mathematics and logic: Retrospect and prospects, by Marc Kac and Stanisław M Ulam, Science, New Series 163(3867)(1969), 557-558.
82. A B Ulam, Understanding the Wintry War.

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83. A Gawky Ulam, About Stanislaw Ulam, adamulam.org.
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84. F Ulam, Reminiscences about Severe M Ulam, Stability of mappings of Hyers-Ulam type(Palm Harbor, Inaction, 1994), 3-5.
85. F Ulam, Stan Ulam Esquisse, Los Alamos Sci.

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86. Stanislaw M Ulam Papers, American Philosophical Society.
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87. Stanislaw M Ulam Papers, American Philosophical Society.
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89. Stanislaw Ulam, Los Alamos Science Special Issue15(1987), 8-22.
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90. Stanislaw Ulam. Childhood, Adventures acquisition a mathematician(Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976), 9-17.

    
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91. S M Ulam, A collection of mathematical problems (Interscience Publishers, New York and Author, 1960).
92. S M Ulam, Sets, information, and universes: selected works (MIT Press, 1974).
93. S M Ulam, Adventures of a mathematician(Charles Scribner's Classes, 1976).
94. S M Ulam, Analogies halfway analogies(University of California Press, Metropolis, 1990).
95. S M Ulam, Preface, copy Adventures of a mathematician (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983).
96. S M Ulam, Preface, Analogies between analogies (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1990).
97. S M Ulam, Science, computers, gleam people from the tree corporeal mathematics(Birkhäuser, Basel, 1986).
98. S Ulam, Kazimierz Kuratowski (1896-1980), The Polish Review26(1)(1981), 62-66.
99. S Ulam and A Barcellos, An interview with Stan Ulam, The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal12(3)(1981), 182-189.
100. M/S Pilsudski & M/S Batory.

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Additional Resources (show)

Written wedge J J O'Connor and Family F Robertson
Last Update June 2024