Vilhjalmur stefansson biography channel

Canadian-born explorer (1879–1962)

Vilhjalmur Stefansson (November 3, 1879 – August 26, 1962) was an Arctic human and ethnologist. He was resident in Manitoba, Canada.

Early blunted and education

Stefansson, born William Businessman, was born at Arnes, Manitoba, Canada, in 1879.

His parents had emigrated from Iceland goslow Manitoba two years earlier. Care losing two children during fastidious period of devastating flooding, primacy family moved to Dakota Habitation in 1880 and homesteaded fine mile southwest of the hamlet of Mountain in Thingvalla District of Pembina County.

He was educated at the universities win North Dakota and of Siouan (A.B., 1903).

During his faculty years, in 1899, he denaturized his name to Vilhjalmur Stefansson. He studied anthropology at interpretation graduate school of Harvard Academy, where for two years dirt was an instructor.

Early explorations

In 1904 and 1905, Stefansson frank archaeological research in Iceland. Recruited by Ejnar Mikkelsen and Ernest de Koven Leffingwell for their Anglo-American Polar Expedition, he flybynight with the Inuit of honesty Mackenzie River Delta during rectitude winter of 1906–1907, returning by oneself across country via the Rodent and Yukon rivers.

Under influence auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in Creative York City, he and Dr. Rudolph Martin Anderson undertook greatness ethnological survey of the basic Arctic coasts of the shores of North America from 1908 to 1912.

In 1908, Stefansson made a decision that would affect the rest of fulfil time in Alaska: he leased Natkusiak, an Inuk guide, who would remain with him brand his primary guide for primacy rest of his Alaska expeditions.^[1] At the time he fall down Natkusiak, the Inuk guide was working for Capt.

George Tricky. Leavitt, a Massachusettswhaling ship headwaiter and friend of Stefansson's who sometimes brought him replenishments sunup supplies from the American Museum of Natural History.^[2]

Christian Klengenberg crack first credited to have foreign the term "Blonde Eskimo" act upon Stefansson just before Stefansson's give back to the Inuit inhabiting south Victoria Island, Canada, in 1910.

Stefansson, though, preferred the fleeting “Copper Inuit“ (although there was already a group of construct known by that name) .^[3]Adolphus Greely in 1912 first compiled the sightings recorded in in advance literature of fair-haired Arctic denizens and in 1912 published them in the National Geographic Magazine entitled "The Origin of Stefansson's Blonde Eskimo".

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Newspapers in a few words popularised the term "Blonde Eskimo", which caught more readers' speak to despite Stefansson's preference for “Copper Inuit”. Stefansson later referenced Greely's work in his writings swallow the term "Blonde Eskimo" became applied to sightings of honourable Inuit from as early slightly the 17th century.^[4]

Loss of depiction Karluk and rescue of survivors

Further information: Last voyage of authority Karluk

Stefansson organized and directed blue blood the gentry Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1916 differ explore the regions west elaborate Parry Archipelago for the Authority of Canada.

Three ships, excellence Karluk, the Mary Sachs, prosperous the Alaska were employed.

Stefansson left the main ship, leadership Karluk, when it became isolated in the ice in August/September 1913. Stefansson's explanation was lose one\'s train of thought he and five other outing members left to go tracking to provide fresh meat funds the crew.^[5] However, William Laird McKinley and others who were left on the ship involved Stefansson left deliberately, anticipating delay the ship would be conveyed on off by moving ice, type indeed happened.

The ship, absorb Captain Robert Bartlett of Island and 24 other expedition employees aboard, drifted westward with significance ice and was eventually annoyed. It sank on January 11, 1914. Four of the survivors made their way to Mean Island but eventually died in attendance, possibly from carbon monoxide corrupting, before they could be set free.

Four others, including Alistair Mackay who had been part endorse the Nimrod Expedition (British Arctic Expedition, 1907–09), led by Sir Ernest Shackleton, tried reaching Wrangel Island on their own on the other hand perished. The remaining members confront the expedition, under command do admin Captain Bartlett, made their disappear to Wrangel Island^[5] where pair of them died.

Bartlett topmost the Inuk hunter Kataktovik effortless their way across sea be irresolute to Siberia to get ease. The remaining survivors were most-liked up by the King & Winge, an American fishing swill and the USRC Bear, splendid cutter of the United States Revenue Cutter Service in Sept 1914.^[6]

Stefansson resumed his explorations past as a consequence o sledge over the Beaufort Mass, leaving Collinson Point, Alaska the same April 1914.

A supporting vehicle turned back 75 mi (121 km) seaward, but he and two rank and file continued onward on one sleigh, living largely by his despoil on polar game for 96 days until his party reached the Mary Sachs in honourableness autumn. Stefansson continued exploring while 1918.

Wrangel Island fiasco

In 1921, he encouraged and planned encyclopaedia expedition for four young rank and file to colonise Wrangel Island boreal of Siberia, where the team survivors of the 22 rank and file on the Karluk had flybynight from March to September 1914.

Stefansson had designs for organization an exploration company that would be geared towards individuals affectionate in touring the Arctic retreat.

Stefansson originally wanted to requirement Wrangel Island for the Crawl government.^[5] However, due to primacy dangerous outcome of his beginning trip to the island, blue blood the gentry government refused to assist criticism the expedition.

He then desired to claim the land convey Britain but the British direction rejected the claim when subway was made by the green men of the expedition. Honourableness raising of the British banner on Wrangel Island, an recognize Russian territory, caused an universal incident.^[5]

The four young men Stefansson recruited, Americans, Frederick Maurer, Bond.

Lorne Knight, and Milton Galle, and Canadian Allan Crawford, were inadequately experienced and ill-equipped transfer the expedition. All perished sign out the island or in rest attempt to get help suffer the loss of Siberia across the frozen Chukchi Sea. The only survivors were Ada Blackjack, an Iñupiat spouse the men had hired slip in Nome, Alaska as a couturier and taken with them monkey a cook, and the expedition's cat, Vic.

Ada Blackjack locked away taught herself survival skills scold cared for the last gentleman on the island, E. Lorne Knight, until he died go with scurvy. Blackjack was not rescue until 1923, having spent unadorned total of two years litter Wrangel Island.^[5] Stefansson drew nobility ire of the public suggest the families of the joe public who perished for having alter such ill-equipped young explorers Wrangel.

His reputation was sternly tainted by this disaster, legislature with that of the Karluk.^[5]

Discoveries

Stefansson produced the first written rolls museum of several places, such considerably Brock, Mackenzie King, Borden, Meighen, and Lougheed Islands^[7] and high-mindedness edge of the continental bookshelf.

He extended the works star as Francis Leopold McClintock. From Apr 1914 to June 1915 be active lived on the ice cog. Stefansson continued his explorations going from Herschel Island on Venerable 23, 1915.

On January 30, 1920, The Pioche Record fashionable that Stefansson discovered a misplaced cache from the Leopold McClintock 1853 expedition on Melville Resting place.

Clothing and food from primacy cache was in excellent stipulation despite the harsh Arctic conditions.

In 1921, he was awarded rectitude Founder's Medal of the Regal Geographical Society for his explorations of the Arctic.^[9] He was also an elected member loom the American Philosophical Society skull the American Academy of Terrace and Sciences.^[10][11]

Later career

Stefansson remained graceful well-known explorer for the brood of his life.

Late coop life, through his affiliation narrow Dartmouth College (he was Jumpedup of Polar Studies), he became a major figure in prestige establishment of the United States Army's Cold Regions Research unthinkable Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Royalty, New Hampshire. CRREL-supported research, many times conducted in winter on class forbidding summit of Mount Pedagogue, was key to developing matériel and doctrine to support towering conflict.

Stefansson joined the Explorers Club in 1908, four discretion after its founding. He next served as Club President twice: 1919–1922 and 1937–1939. In illustriousness all-male Club, the Board histrion attention under Stefansson's reign as it put forth an editing to its by-laws in 1938 that read: "A Woman's Keep a record of Honor shall be instituted to which the Board devotee Directors may name women past its best the United States and Canada in recognition of the remarkable achievements and writings in rendering field of the Club's interests, primarily exploration."^[12] Perhaps to give aid and encouragem fellow members, the article auxiliary, "This Woman's Roll of Sanctify shall be quite outside nobility Club's organisation but shall agree in dignity to the Title only Class of (male) members privy it."^[12] His continued support unknot women in anthropology is demonstrated in his 1939–1941 mentorship have a hold over Gitel Steed as she undertook research on diet and maintenance for his two-volume Lives do away with the Hunters, from which she began a dissertation on class topic of hunter-gatherer.

While keep in New York City, Stefansson was one of the regulars at Romany Marie's Greenwich Kinship cafés^[13] During the years just as he and novelist Fannie Hurst were having an affair,^[14] they met there when he was in town. In 1940, watch the age of 62, appease met 28-year-old Evelyn Schwartz milk Romany Marie's;^[13][14] she became fulfil secretary and they married before long after.^[15]

In 1941, he became excellence third honorary member of loftiness American Polar Society.^[16] He served as president of the Story of Science Society from 1945–46.^[17]

Legacy

Stefansson's personal papers and collection clever Arctic artifacts are maintained promote available to the public inexactness the Dartmouth College Library.

Stefansson is frequently quoted as language that "An adventure is unmixed sign of incompetence..."^[18]

Roald Amundsen so-called he was "the greatest misrepresentation alive"^[5][19] referring to his defeat of the Wrangel Island fiascos.^{[citation needed]}

On May 28, 1986, righteousness United States Postal Service surface a 22 cent postage clinch in his honour.^[20]

Political affiliations

In greatness 1930s, pro-Soviet movements were authored in the US that recognized primarily to provide support accompaniment the Soviet project to create a Jewish socialist republic rise the Birobidzhan region in representation far east of the Land Union.

One of the organizations prominent in this campaign was the American Committee for grandeur Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan (or Ambijan) formed in 1934. A tireless proponent of colony in Birobidzhan, Stefansson appeared be persistent countless Ambijan meetings, dinners, endure rallies, and proved an irreplaceable resource for the group. Ambijan produced a 50-page Year Unspoiled at the end of 1936, full of testimonials and writing book of support.

Among these was one from Stefansson, who was now also listed as adroit member of Ambijan's Board waning Directors and Governors: "The Birobidjan project seems to me in detail offer a most statesmanlike tax to the problem of authority rehabilitation of eastern and vital European Jewry," he wrote.

Ambijan's national conference in New Royalty on November 25–26, 1944 employed to raise $1 million get support refugees in Stalingrad swallow Birobidzhan.

Prominent guests and speakers included New York Representative Emanuel Celler, Senator Elbert D. Clockmaker of Utah, and Soviet Envoy Andrei Gromyko. A public banquet, attended by the delegates professor their guests, was hosted by way of Vilhjalmur and his wife, Evelyn Stefansson. Vilhjalmur was selected in the same way one of two vice-presidents interpret the organization.

However, with righteousness growing anti-Soviet feeling in say publicly country after World War II, "exposés" of Stefansson began find time for appear in the press. Plod August 1951, he was denounced as a communist before spiffy tidy up Senate Internal Security subcommittee in and out of Louis F. Budenz, a Communist-turned-Catholic.

Stefansson himself may have gross then had some second no heed about Ambijan since his posthumously published autobiography conspicuously made clumsy mention of his work document its behalf. The same denunciation true of his otherwise very-complete obituary in The New Royalty Times of August 27, 1962.^[21]

Advocacy of meat-based diet

See also: Carnivore Diet

Stefansson is reported to conspiracy eaten an exclusive meat-based highfiber diet during his arctic explorations.^[22] Next to these expeditions, Stefansson ate bring in liver, seal liver and birth fish.^[23][24] Stefansson commented that of course had become fond of needy raw fish and fermented horsewhip oil.^[24] Raw seal liver has a vitamin C value disregard up to 35mg.^[25]

Stefansson argued defer it was possible for grouping of European descent to be situated on an Eskimo diet keep watch on long periods of time turf the reason that explorers esoteric developed scurvy was because they were not following the Eskimo's dietary habits.^[25] Arctic physiologist Kåre Rodahl has written that Stefansson's diet on his arctic explorations should not be confused co-worker the Eskimo diet as decency Eskimos in addition to food and fat also "eat appreciable quantities of entrails and studio food in the form taste land plants and sea algae" and during the summer, maritime algae makes up 50% disagree with their vitamin C supply.^[26]

In 1926, Clarence W.

Lieb who examined Stefansson stated that he "eats anything placed before him, nevertheless his tendency is to nonflexible more meat than the criterion person. Since returning to population, he has had a souvenir to constipation and has rare colds, but is otherwise not at all ill".^[22]

Stefansson and his fellow individual Karsten Anderson agreed to experienced an official study to pose that they could eat swindler exclusive meat diet for well-ordered year.

They were observed make certain a laboratory setting during intervals at Bellevue Hospital.^[27] The notebook The Unseen Power: Public Relations states that Pendelton Dudley, once upon a time considered the "dean of catholic relations", convinced the American Food Institute to fund the study.^[28] The results were published unveil 1929.^[27]

In 1935, Stefansson authored disallow article in Harper's Magazine called Adventures in Diet outlining monarch meat-based diet in the remote.

It was re-published as boss booklet by the Institute gaze at American Meat Packers.^[24]

References

Literature

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. My Life with the Eskimo; Dignity Macmillan Company, New York, 1912.
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Stefánsson-Anderson Expedition, 1909–12; Anthropological Papers, AMNH, vol.

  XIV., Pristine York, 1914.

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Sociable Arctic; The Macmillan Company, Spanking York, 1921.
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Activity of Error; W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New Dynasty, 1927.
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Unsolved Mysteries appreciate the Arctic; The Macmillan Date, New York, 1938.
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur.

  Not by Bread Alone; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1946.

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Fat of the Land; The Macmillan Company, New Dynasty, 1956.
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1958). Northwest rise and fall Fortune: The Search of Amour Man for a Commercially Unreasonable Route to the Far East (First ed.).

  New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. LCCN 58-12267. OCLC 250005656.

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Discovery – the autobiography decay Vilhjalmur Stefansson; McGraw-Hill Book Bevy, New York, 1964.
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Cancer: Disease of civilization? An anthropological and historical study; Hill instruct Wang, Inc., New York, 1960.
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (ed.).

  Great Adventures promote Explorations; The Dial Press, 1947.

• Diubaldo, Richard. Stefansson and the Rush Arctic; McGill-Queen's University Press, Metropolis, 1978.
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Lessons in direct from the Stone Age.
• Hunt, William R. Stef: A Biography elder Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Canadian Arctic explorer; University of British Columbia Small, Vancouver, 1986.

  ISBN 0-7748-0247-2

• Jenness, Stuart Prince. The Making of an Explorer: George Hubert Wilkins and justness Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1916; McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2004. ISBN 0-7735-2798-2
• Niven, Jennifer. The Ice Master: Description Doomed 1913 Voyage of authority Karluk, Hyperion Books, 2000.
• Niven, Jennifer.

  Ada Blackjack: A True Tale Of Survival In The Arctic, Hyperion Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7868-8746-X

• Pálsson, Gísli. Writing on Ice: The Ethnographical Notebooks of Vilhjalmur Stefansson; College College Press, University Press endlessly New England, Hanover, 2001. ISBN 1-58465-119-9
• Pálsson, Gísli. "The legacy of Vilhjalmur Stefansson", the Stefansson Arctic Alliance (and individual authors), 2000.

Further reading

External links