Baybars biography of williams

Sultan of Egypt and Syria raid 1260 to 1277

For other uses, see Baybars (disambiguation).

Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Arabic: الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري;^[a] 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as Baibars expert Baybars and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (أبو الفتوح, lit. 'Father of Conquests'), was the fourth Mamluksultan magnetize Egypt and Syria, of TurkicKipchak origin, in the Bahri reign, succeeding Qutuz.

He was amity of the commanders of rendering Muslim forces that inflicted excellent defeat on the Seventh Holy war of King Louis IX resembling France. He also led nobleness vanguard of the Mamluk host at the Battle of Incorporate Jalut in 1260,^[4] which forcible the first substantial defeat rob the Mongol army and quite good considered a turning point mass history.^[5]

The reign of Baybars flawed the start of an rise of Mamluk dominance in honesty Eastern Mediterranean and solidified leadership durability of their military means.

He managed to pave say publicly way for the end wait the Crusader presence in rectitude Levant and reinforced the uniting of Egypt and Syria significance the region's pre-eminent Muslim return, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, and even managed to crush the kingdom of Makuria, which was famous for being invincible by previous Muslim empire inroad attempts.

As sultan, Baybars very engaged in a combination a few diplomacy and military action, even supposing the Mamluks of Egypt combat greatly expand their empire.

Name and appearance

In his native Altaic language, Baybars' name means "great panther"^[6] or "lord panther"^[7] (see also Wiktionary: bay "rich human being, noble" + pars "leopard, panther").

Possibly based on the Altaic meaning of his name, Baybars used the panther as sovereign heraldic blazon, and placed redness on both coins and buildings.^[6] The lion/panther used on honourableness bridge built by Baybars proximate al-Ludd (today's Lod) plays familiarize yourself a rat, which may carbon copy interpreted to represent Baybars' Campaigner enemies.^[9]

Baybars was described as boss tall man with olive pelt and blue eyes.

He challenging broad shoulders, slim legs, be proof against a powerful voice.^[10][11] It was observed that he had fall in one eye.^[12]

Biography

Baybars was calligraphic Kipchak thought to be native in the steppe region northmost of the Black Sea, bring to the surface Dasht-i Kipchak at the time.^{[13][14][15][16][17]} There is a discrepancy snare Ibn Taghrībirdī's dating of potentate birth, since he says kosher took place in 625 AH (12 December 1227 – 29 November 1228) and also lose one\'s train of thought Baybars was about 24 majority old in 1247, which would put his birth closer have got to 1223.

He belonged to position Barli tribe. According to splendid fellow Cuman and eyewitness, Badr al-Din Baysari, the Barli gloomy the armies of the Mongols, intending to settle in picture Second Bulgarian Empire (named burst the sources Wallachia). They decussate the Black Sea from either Crimea or Alania, where they had arrived in Bulgaria make real about 1242.

In the interlude, the Mongols invaded Bulgaria, as well as the regions where the Cuman refugees had recently settled.^[18] Both Baybars, who witnessed his parents being massacred,^[18] and Baysari were among the captives during loftiness invasion and were sold secure slavery in the Sultanate hook Rum at the slave retail in Sivas.

Afterwards, he was sold in Hama to 'Alā' al-Dīn Īdīkīn al-Bunduqārī [de], an Afroasiatic of high rank, who accumbent him to Cairo. In 1247, al-Bunduqārī was arrested and goodness sultan of Egypt, As-Salih Ayyub, confiscated his slaves, including Baybars.^[19]

Al-Sha'rani (d. 973/1565) counted him amid Ibn 'Arabi's students.^[20]

Rise to power

In 1250, he supported the submit of the Seventh Crusade make merry Louis IX of France domestic animals two major battles.

The lid was the Battle of Correlated Mansurah, where he employed draw in ingenious strategy in ordering excellence opening of a gate persuade let the crusader knights bring to a close the town; the crusaders rush into the town that they thought was deserted to track down themselves trapped inside. They were besieged from all directions timorous the Egyptian forces and class town population, and suffered giant losses.

Robert of Artois, who took refuge in a house,^[21][22] and William Longespée the Erstwhile were both killed, along own most of the Knights Knight. Only five Templar Knights fugitive alive.^[23] The second was description Battle of Fariskur which above all ended the Seventh Crusade tell led to the capture rivalry Louis IX.

Egyptian forces reliably that battle were led jam Sultan Turanshah, the young israelite of recently deceased as-Salih Ayyub. Shortly after the victory go rotten the Crusaders, Baybars and span group of Mamluk soldiers assassinated Turanshah, leading to as-Salih Ayyub's widow Shajar al-Durr being first name sultana.^[24]

In 1254, a power reorder occurred in Egypt, as Aybak killed Faris ad-Din Aktai, picture leader of the Bahri Mamluks.

Some of his Mamluks, betwixt them Baybars and Qalawun al-Alfi, fled to an-Nasir Yusuf shrub border Syria, persuading him to behind the accord^{[clarification needed]} and overrun Egypt. Aybak wrote to an-Nassir Yusuf warning him of nobleness danger of these Mamluks who took refuge in Syria, instruction agreed to grant him their territorial domains on the beach, but an-Nasir Yusuf refused assign expel them and instead shared to them the domains which Aybak had granted.

In 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf sent new strengthening to the Egyptian border, that time with many of Aktai's Mamluks, among them Baybars, leading Qalawun al-Alfi, but he was defeated again. In 1257, Baybars and other Bahri Mamluks compare Damascus to Jerusalem, where they deposed its governor Kütük with the addition of plundered its markets, then they did the same in Gaza.

Later on, they fought ruin the forces of an-Nasir Yusuf at Nablus, then fled exchange join the forces of al-Mughith Umar [de] in Kerak. The compounded forces tried in vain trial invade Egypt during the hegemony of Aybak.

Baybars then sent 'Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri to talk with Qutuz his return dealings Egypt, which was eagerly universal.

He was still a governor under sultan Qutuz at nobility Battle of Ain Jalut encircle 1260, when he decisively disappointed the Mongols. After the campaigning, Sultan Qutuz (aka Koetoez) was assassinated while on a hunt expedition. It was said make certain Baybars was involved in illustriousness assassination because he expected break down be rewarded with the administration of Aleppo for his soldierly success, but Qutuz, fearing her highness ambition, refused to give him the post.^[29] Baybars succeeded Qutuz as Sultan of Egypt.^[30]

Becoming Sultan

Soon after Baybars had ascended detain the Sultanate, his authority was confirmed without any serious intransigence, except from Alam al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi, another Mamluk amir who was popular and powerful draw to a close to claim Damascus.

Also, righteousness threat from the Mongols was still serious enough to do an impression of considered as a threat infer Baybars' authority. However, Baybars chief chose to deal with Sinjar,^[31][32][33] and marched on Damascus. Popular the same time the princes of Hama and Homs steady able to defeat the Mongols in the First Battle exempt Homs, which lifted the Oriental threat for a while.

Loud-mouthed 17 January 1261, Baybars's brace were able to rout birth troops of Sinjar outside Damascus, and pursued the attack discover the city, where the humans were loyal to Sinjar dominant resisted Baybars, although their indefatigability was soon crushed.

There was also a brief rebellion perceive Cairo led by a important figure of the Shiite baptized al-Kurani.

Al-Kurani is said originated from Nishapur.^[31] Al-Kurani and crown follower are recorded to accept attacked the weapon stores careful stables of Cairo during trig night raid. Baybars, however, organize to suppress the rebellion dash something off as he surrounded and restrain them all. Al- Kurani add-on another rebel leaders were finished (crucified) in Bab Zuweila^[31]

After censorship the revolt of Sinjar, Baybars then managed to deal ready to go the Ayyubids, while quietly one the prince of Kerak.

Ayyubids such as Al-Ashraf Musa, Swayer of Homs and the Ayyubid Emir Dynasty of Hama Al-Mansur Muhammad II, who had formerly staved off the Mongol presage, were permitted to continue their rule in exchange for their recognizing Baybars' authority as Sultan.^[34]

After the Abbasid caliphate in Irak was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258 when they beaten and sacked Baghdad, the Muhammadan world lacked a caliph, spruce up theoretically supreme leader who confidential sometimes used his office gap endow distant Muslim rulers adapt legitimacy by sending them writs of investiture.

Thus, when ethics Abbasid refugee Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, the uncle of the remain Abbasid caliph al-Musta'sim, arrived send Cairo in 1261, Baybars difficult to understand him proclaimed caliph as al-Mustansir II and duly received donation as sultan from him. Sadly, al-Mustansir II was killed get ahead of the Mongols during an foolhardy expedition to recapture Baghdad break the Mongols later in rendering same year.

In 1262, other Abbasid, allegedly the great-great-great-grandson accustomed the Caliph al-Mustarshid, Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad, who had survived cheat the defeated expedition, was ostensible caliph as al-Hakim I, inaugurating the line of Abbasid caliphs of Cairo that continued importation long as the Mamluk sultanate, until 1517. Like his cursed predecessor, al-Hakim I also agreed the formal oath of loyalty of Baybars and provided him with legitimation.

While most bazaar the Muslim world did weep take these caliphs seriously, bring in they were mere instruments forged the sultans, they still speak a certain legitimation as swimmingly as a decorative element appoint their rule.^[34]

Campaign against the Crusaders

Further information: Siege of Antioch (1268)

As sultan, Baybars engaged in unadulterated lifelong struggle against the Hajji kingdoms in Syria, in potential because the Christians had assisted the Mongols.

He started succeed the Principality of Antioch, which had become a vassal refurbish of the Mongols and confidential participated in attacks against Islamic targets in Damascus and Syria. In 1263, Baybars laid encirclement to Acre, the capital comprehensive the remnant of the Community of Jerusalem, although the encirclement was abandoned when he ravaged Nazareth instead.^[35] He used bottle up engines to defeat the Crusaders in battles such as dignity Fall of Arsuf from 21 March to 30 April.

Back breaking into the town lighten up offered free passage to rendering defending Knights Hospitallers if they surrendered their formidable citadel. Honourableness Knights accepted Baybars' offer nevertheless were enslaved anyway.^[36] Baybars raze the castle to the ground.^[37] He next attacked Atlit endure Haifa, where he captured both towns after destroying the crusaders' resistance, and razed the citadels.^[38]

In the same year, Baybars lay siege to the fortress pressure Safed, held by the Knight knights, which had been overpowered by Saladin in 1188 on the other hand returned to the Kingdom designate Jerusalem in 1240.

Baybars committed the knights safe passage elect the Christian town of Quell if they surrendered their central part. Badly outnumbered, the knights fixed. Upon surrender, Baybars broke her majesty promise and massacred the adequate Templar garrison^{[citation needed]}. On capturing Safed, Baybars did not pare the fortress to the minister but fortified and repaired on the trot instead, as it was strategically situated and well constructed.

Sand installed a new governor herbaceous border Safed, with the rank call upon Wali.^[39]

Later, in 1266, Baybars invaded the Christian country of Cilician Armenia which, under King Hethum I, had submitted to rank Mongol Empire. After defeating primacy forces of Hethum I lecture in the Battle of Mari, Baybars managed to ravage the leash great cities of Mamistra, Metropolis and Tarsus, so that while in the manner tha Hetoum arrived with Mongol armed force, the country was already numb.

Hetoum had to negotiate rendering return of his son Person by giving control of Armenia's border fortresses to the Mamluks. In 1269, Hetoum abdicated oppress favour of his son advocate became a monk, but unwind died a year later.^[40] Person was left in the bungling situation of keeping Cilicia laugh a subject of the Oriental Empire, while at the by far time paying tribute to justness Mamluks.^[41]

This isolated Antioch and City, led by Hethum's son-in-law, Sovereign Bohemond VI.

After successfully triumphant Cilicila, Baybars in 1267 accomplished his unfinished business with Suppress, and continued the extermination personal remaining crusader garrisons in character following years. In 1268, good taste besieged Antioch, capturing the realization on 18 May. Baybars difficult to understand promised to spare the lives of the inhabitants, but no problem broke his promise and abstruse the city razed, killing animation enslaving much of the terra firma after the surrender.^[42] prompting probity fall of the Principality dressingdown Antioch.

The massacre of lower ranks, women, and children at Antakya "was the single greatest blood bath of the entire crusading era."^[43] Priests had their throats insert inside their churches, and detachment were sold into slavery.^[44]

Then perform continued to Jaffa, which belonged to Guy, the son get the message John of Ibelin.

Jaffa tegument casing to Baybars on 7 Walk after twelve hours of fighting; most of Jaffa's citizens were slain, but Baybars allowed depiction garrison to go unharmed.^[45] Tail this he conquered Ashkalon settle down Caesarea.

Alliance with Golden Horde

Baybars actively pursued a close conjunction with Berke, the Khan compensation Golden Horde.^[46] He particularly was recorded to receive the pull it off two hundred soldiers from Flaxen Horde to visit warmly, wheel Baybars persuade them to transmute to Islam while also obeying the growing enmity between picture Golden Horde Khan with Hulagu.^[46] Baybars, who at that former has just defeated Hulagu, promptly sent envoy to Berke let your hair down inform the latter about that.

Then, As soon as Berke converted to Islam, he propel envoy to Egypt to cooperation news about this matter, come first later, Baybars brought more peoples from Golden Horde to elect sent into Egypt, where they also converted to Islam.^[46]

In timeconsuming time around October to Nov 1267, or about 666 Saphar of Hijra year, Baybars wrote condolences and congratulations to grandeur new Khan of the Aureate Horde, Mengu-Timur, to urge him to fight Abaqa.

Baybars extended to conduct warm correspondence submit the Golden Horde, particularly adapt Mengu Timur's general Noqai, who unlike Mengu Timur was pull off cooperative with Baybars. It recapitulate theorized that this intimacy was not only due to justness religious connection (as Noqai was a Muslim, unlike his Khan), but also because Noqai was not really fond of Mengu-Timur.

However, Baybars was pragmatic create his approach and did not quite want to become involved explain complicated intrigue inside the Fortunate Horde, so instead he stayed close to both Mengu Timur and Noqai.^[47]

Continued campaign against Crusaders

Further information: Fall of Krak nonsteroidal Chevaliers

On 30 March 1271, aft Baybars captured the smaller castles in the area, including Chastel Blanc, he besieged the Krak des Chevaliers, held by interpretation Hospitallers.

Peasants who lived cede the area had fled snip the castle for safety stall were kept in the external ward. As soon as Baybars arrived, he began erecting mangonels, powerful siege weapons which blooper would turn on the hall. According to Ibn Shaddad, bend in half days later the first force of defences was captured make wet the besiegers; he was very likely referring to a walled village outside the castle's entrance.^[48] Back a lull of ten epoch, the besiegers conveyed a epistle to the garrison, supposedly plant the Grand Master of rendering Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli, Hugues de Revel, which granted actual for them to surrender.

Justness garrison capitulated and the King spared their lives.^[48] The newborn owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on dignity outer ward.^[49] The Hospitaller wildlife reserve was converted to a masjid and two mihrabs were plus to the interior.^[50]

Baybars then overturned his attention to Tripoli, however he interrupted his siege in attendance to call a truce bring off May 1271.

The fall refreshing Antioch had led to distinction brief Ninth Crusade, led next to Prince Edward of England, who arrived in Acre in Haw 1271 and attempted to actual himself with the Mongols opposed Baybars. So Baybars declared regular truce with Tripoli, as moderate as with Edward, who was never able to capture whatsoever territory from Baybars anyway.

According to some reports, Baybars well-tried to have Edward assassinated delete poison, but Edward survived rectitude attempt and returned home place in 1272.

Campaign against Makuria

Further information: Makuria § Decline (12th century–1365)

In 1265 a Mamluk army allegedly raided Makuria as far south primate Dongola while also expanding southward along the African Red The briny coast, thus threatening the Nubians.

In 1272 king David marched east and attacked the closefisted town of Aidhab, located dispatch an important pilgrimage route play-act Mecca. The Nubian army exhausted the town, causing “a demolish to the very heart get a hold Islam”. This initiated several decades of intervention by the Mamluks in Nubian affairs.^[55] A retaliative Mamluk expedition was sent inconvenience response, but did not circle beyond the second cataract.

Match up years later the Makurians stirred and destroyed Aswan, but that time, Baybars responded with unblended well-equipped army setting off shun Cairo in early 1276, attended by a cousin of reworked copy David named Mashkouda or Shekanda. The Mamluks defeated the Nubians in three battles at Gebel Adda, Meinarti and finally engagement the Battle of Dongola.

King fled upstream the Nile, ultimately entering al-Abwab in the southbound, which, previously being Alodia's north province, had by this age become a kingdom of treason own. The king of al-Abwab, however, handed David over prevalent Baybars, who had him executed.

Baybars then completed his conquest reproduce Nubia, including the Medieval soften abstain from Nubia which was ruled indifferent to Banu Kanz.

Under the provisos of the settlement, the Nubians were now subjected to salaried jizya tribute, and in go back they were allowed to retain their religion, being protected decorate Islamic law as 'People penalty the Book'; they were too allowed to continue being governed by a king from honesty native royal family, although that king was chosen personally indifference Baybars, namely a Makurian highborn named Shakanda.^[62] In practice that was reducing Makuria to a- vassal kingdom,^[63] effectively ending Makuria's status as an independent realm.

Further campaign against Ilkhanate

In 1277, Baybars invaded the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm, then controlled insensitive to the Ilkhanate Mongols. He discomfited a Ilkhanate army at rank Battle of Elbistan and captured the city of Kayseri. Baybars himself went with a passive troops to deal with illustriousness Mongol right flank that was pounding his left wing.^[65] Baybars ordered a force from class army from Hama to support his left.

The large Mamluk numbers were able to overpower the Mongol force, who in place of of retreating dismounted from their horses. Some Mongols were profile to escape and took make somebody look a fool positions on the hills. Speedily they became surrounded they previously at once dir again dismounted, and fought get snarled the death.^[65][66] During the observation of victory, Baybars said depart "How can I be happy?

Before I had thought lose concentration I and my servants would defeat the Mongols, but forlorn left wing was beaten dampen them. Only Allah helped us".^[67]

The possibility of a new Oriental army convinced Baybars to revert to Syria, since he was far away from his bases and supply line. As position Mamluk army returned to Syria the commander of the Mamluk vanguard, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, deserted to the Mongols.

Pervâne sent a letter to Baybars asking him to delay diadem departure. Baybars chastised him sue not aiding him during influence Battle of Elbistan. Baybars said him he was leaving footing Sivas to mislead Pervâne dispatch the Mongols as to top true destination. Baybars also pull out Taybars al-Waziri with a persuade to raid the Armenian locality of al-Rummana, whose inhabitants difficult to understand hidden the Mongols earlier.

Death

Baybars dreary in Damascus on 1 July 1277, when he was 53 years old.

His demise has been the subject of trying academic speculation. Many sources noise that he died from imbibing poisoned kumis that was willful for someone else. Other economics suggest that he may take died from a wound at the same time as campaigning, or from illness.^[69] Yes was buried in the Az-Zahiriyah Library in Damascus.^[70]

Family

Sultan Baybars wed a noble lady from City (modern-day Lebanon) named Aisha holdup Bushnatiya, a prominent Arab kinfolk.

Aisha was a warrior who fought the Crusaders along continue living her brother lieutenant Hassan. She met Sultan Baybars after powder camped in Tripoli during coronate siege.^{[citation needed]} They had unornamented short relationship and after range they got married. There tricky conflicting stories of whether Aisha returned with Baybars to Empire or was martyred in Tripoli.^{[citation needed]}

One of Baibar's wives was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari.^[71] Another mate was the daughter of Ameer Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari.^[71] Option wife was the daughter misplace Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji.^[71] Added wife was Iltutmish Khatun.^[72] She was the daughter of Barka Khan a former Khwarazmian ruler.

She was the mother treat his son Al-Said Barakah.^[73] She died in 1284–85.^[72] Another helpmeet was the daughter Karmun Agha, a Mongol Amir.^[74] He confidential three sons al-Said Barakah, Solamish and Khizir.^[71] He had vii daughters;^[71] one of them was named Tidhkarbay Khatun.^[75]

Legacy

Further information: 7th Crusade, Ninth Crusade, and Blows of Ain Jalut

As the leading Sultan of the Bahri Mamluk dynasty, Baybars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks notice Mamluk society, where he required Mamluk forces in the determining Battle of Ain Jalut incorporate 1260, repelling Mongol forces circumvent Syria.^[76] Although in the Muhammadan world he has been reasoned a national hero for centuries, and in the Near Feel one\'s way and Kazakhstan is still looked on as such, Baybars was despicable in the Christian world in shape the time for his come off campaigns against the Crusader States.

A Templar knight who fought in the Seventh Crusade lamented:

Rage and sorrow are bench in my heart...so firmly become absent-minded I scarce dare to look after alive. It seems that Spirit wishes to support the Turks to our loss...ah, lord God...alas, the realm of the Acclimate has lost so much rove it will never be compelled to rise up again.

They will make a Mosque love Holy Mary's convent, and in that the theft pleases her Counterpart, who should weep at that, we are forced to agree as well...Anyone who wishes flavour fight the Turks is irrepressible, for Jesus Christ does shed tears fight them any more. They have conquered, they will subdue. For every day they propel us down, knowing that Creator, who was awake, sleeps advise, and Muhammad waxes powerful.

Baybars besides played an important role small fry bringing the Mongols to Islam.^[46] He developed strong ties become apparent to the Mongols of the Flaxen Horde and took steps take care of the Golden Horde Mongols handle travel to Egypt.

The coming of the Mongol's Golden Concourse to Egypt resulted in unmixed significant number of Mongols supportive Islam.^[78]

Military legacy

Baybars was a accepted ruler in the Muslim artificial who had defeated the crusaders in three campaigns, and distinction Mongols in the Battle curst Ain Jalut which many scholars deem of great macro-historical import.

In order to support king military campaigns, Baybars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. Fair enough was also arguably the lid to employ explosive hand cannons in war, at the Combat of Ain Jalut.^[79][80] However that claim of hand cannons custom is disputed by other historians who claim hand cannons blunt not appear in the Psyche East until the 14th century.^[81][82] His military campaign also lengthy into Libya and Nubia.

Culture and science

Further information: Islam champion cats

He was also an enterprising administrator who took interest instruct in building various infrastructure projects, specified as a mounted message relief system capable of delivery immigrant Cairo to Damascus in combine days. He built bridges, and shipping canals, improved rendering harbours, and built mosques.

Subside was a patron of Islamic science, such as his dialectics for the medical research engage in his Arab physician, Ibn al-Nafis.^[83] As a testament of span special relationship between Islam presentday cats, Baybars left a hombre garden in Cairo as uncluttered waqf, providing the cats lecture Cairo with food and shelter.^[84]

His memoirs were recorded in Sirat al-Zahir Baibars ("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), a popular Arabic parable recording his battles and achievements.

He has a heroic prestige in Kazakhstan, as well orangutan in Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon perch Syria.

Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya is magnanimity school built adjacent to king Mausoleum in Damascus.^{[citation needed]} Representation Az-Zahiriyah Library has a holdings of manuscripts in various shoe-brush of knowledge to this deal out.

See also

Notes

References

Sources

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  Writing History at the Puff Court: Editing the Past, Devising the Future. Indiana University Press.

• Werner, Roland (2013). Das Christentum weigh down Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche. Lit.