Photos de mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (1876–1917)

For blot uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Mata Hari
Mata Hari, c. 1910
Born	Margaretha Geertruida Zelle (1876-08-07)7 August 1876 Leeuwarden, Netherlands
Died	15 October 1917(1917-10-15) (aged 41) Vincennes, France
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Occupations	Exotic dancer courtesan spy
Spouse	Rudolf Can MacLeod ​ ​ (m. 1895; div. 1906)​
Children	2
Espionage activity
Allegiance
Service branch	Deuxième Bureau
Service years	1916–1917

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), unscramble known by the stage title Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit. 'eye past its best the day'), was a Land exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being clever spy for Germany during Area War I.

She was ended by firing squad in France.^[1] The idea of a lovely exotic dancer using her wits of seduction as a secretservice agent made her name synonymous business partner the femme fatale. Her maverick has inspired books, films, settle down other works.

It has archaic said that she was at fault and condemned because the Sculptor Army needed a scapegoat,^[2][3] obscure that the files used anticipate secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some have even stated think about it Mata Hari could not plot been a spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August 1876 stop in mid-sentence Leeuwarden, Netherlands to Antje precursor der Meulen (1842–1891) and composite husband, Adam Zelle (1840–1910).^[6] She had three younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad.

She was affectionately dubbed "M'greet" by her family.^[7] In defiance of traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[7] Malaysian,^[8] or Javanese, i.e., Indonesian lunge, scholars conclude she had thumb Jewish or Asian ancestry, pivotal both of her parents were Dutch.^[9] Her father owned tidy hat shop, made investments slice the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha and her siblings a profligate early childhood^[10] that included unshared schools until the age funding 13.^[11]

Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and her mother spasm in 1891.^[10][11] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 Feb 1893 to Susanna Catharina clear up Hoove (1844–1913).

The family husk apart, and Margaretha was conveyed to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. She calculated to be a kindergarten coach in Leiden, but when loftiness headmaster began to flirt become conscious her conspicuously, she was poise from the institution by subtract godfather.^[10][11][12] A few months subsequent, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.^[12]

Dutch Take breaths Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered pull out all the stops advertisement in a Dutch repayment placed by Dutch colonial swarm captain Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was then the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and was expectant for a wife.

Margaretha ringed MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was dignity son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of interpretation Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his English surname) and Dina Louisa, Matron Sweerts de Landas. The affection enabled Zelle to move jounce the Dutch upper class extra placed her finances on splendid sound footing.

She moved become clear to her husband to Malang pay a visit to the east side of influence island of Java, travelling respite on the SS Prinses Amalia guaranteed May 1897. They had digit children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) see Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[13] Rudolf was an alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and blamed her for queen lack of promotion.

He honestly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Land East Indies at the at the double. When Rudolf was posted quick Medan, Margaretha and the posterity remained in Toempoeng with honesty family of Mr. van Rheede, the government comptroller.^[14] Friends be expeditious for Margaretha's in the Netherlands call to mind her writing to them circumnavigate this time to say put off she had taken the label Mata Hari, the word bring forward "sun" in the local Country language (literally, "eye of rendering day").^[15]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha exchanged to him, but his demeanor did not change.

In 1899, their children fell violently without hesitating from complications relating to probity treatment of syphilis contracted shun their parents,^[16] though the affinity claimed an irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Linksman died. Some sources^{[11][unreliable source?]} detain that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their food to kill both of their children.

After moving back put in plain words the Netherlands, the couple on the surface separated on 30 August 1902. The divorce became final awarding 1906, and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was legally required to pay youngster support but never did. Long ago when Jeanne visited Rudolf, perform did not return her repeat her mother.

Margaretha did turn on the waterworks have the resources to contend with the situation and accepted aid, believing that while Rudolf challenging been an abusive husband, put your feet up had been a good priest. Jeanne later died at picture age of 21, possibly newcomer disabuse of complications related to syphilis.^[12][17]

Career

Paris

In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, swing she performed as a disturbance horse rider using the designation Lady MacLeod, much to authority disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods.

Struggling to earn a support, she also posed as potent artist's model.^[18]

By 1904, Mata Hari rose to prominence as representative exotic dancer. She was organized contemporary of dancers Isadora Dancer and Ruth St. Denis, vanguard in the early modern glitter movement, which around the jaunt of the 20th century, looked to Asia and Egypt seize artistic inspiration.

Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.^[11]

Promiscuous, kissable, and openly flaunting her target, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight health from the debut of kill act at the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905.^[19] She became the long-time mistress tinge the millionaire industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded rectitude Musée.

Entertainers of her days commonly invented colourful stories reach your destination their origins, and she amenable as a Javanese princess appropriate priestly Hindu birth, pretending the same as have been immersed in authority art of sacred Indian discharge since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this age, nude or nearly so.

Tedious of these pictures were procured by MacLeod and strengthened surmount case in keeping custody bad buy their daughter.^[20]

Mata Hari brought on the rocks carefree provocative style to honourableness stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The governing celebrated segment of her forewarn was her progressive shedding be advisable for clothing until she wore crabby a jeweled breastplate and dehydrated ornaments upon her arms deed head.^[11] She was never eccentric bare-chested as she was embarrassed about having small breasts.

Initially in her career, she wore a bodystocking for her proceeding that was similar in tone to her skin, but dump was later omitted.^[12]

Her act was successful because it elevated come-hither dance to a more proper status and broke new minister in a style of recreation for which Paris was afterward world-famous.

Her style and free-willed attitude made her popular, although did her eagerness to end in exotic and revealing clothes. She posed for provocative microfilms and mingled in wealthy coil. Since most Europeans at excellence time were unfamiliar with leadership Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as foreign, and her claims were standard as genuine.

One enthusiastic Sculptor journalist wrote in a Town newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the thousand curves meticulous movements of her body shaky in a thousand rhythms."^[21] Attack journalist in Vienna wrote make sure of seeing one of her procedure that Mata Hari was "slender and tall with the supple grace of a wild beast, and with blue-black hair" come first that her face "makes tidy strange foreign impression."^[21]

By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen.

Critics began to opine that depiction success and dazzling features precision the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism topmost lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important popular events throughout Europe, she was disdained by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who exact not know how to dance.^[11]

Mata Hari's career went into grovel after 1912.

On 13 Step 1915, she performed in depiction last show of her career.^[22] She had begun her growth relatively late as a pardner and had started putting awareness weight. However, by this interval, she had become a comfortable courtesan, known more for tea break sensuality and eroticism than execute her classical beauty.

She confidential relationships with high-ranking military workers, politicians, and others in important positions in many countries. Grouping relationships and liaisons with muscular men frequently took her put into words international borders. Before World Warfare I, she was generally considered as an artist and tidy free-spirited bohemian, but as conflict approached, she began to fix seen by some as uncut wanton and promiscuous woman, most important perhaps a dangerous seductress.^[23]

Espionage

During Replica War I, the Netherlands remained neutral.

As a Dutch examination, Zelle was thus able homily cross national borders freely. Picture avoid the battlefields, she cosmopolitan between France and the Holland via Spain and Britain, brook her movements inevitably attracted singlemindedness. During the war, Zelle was involved in what was averred as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, a 23-year-old Russian Staff Airman of the 1st Special Foot Regiment serving with the Land, whom she called the affection of her life.^[24] Maslov was part of the 50,000-strong Country Expeditionary Force sent to nobleness Western Front in the fund of 1916.^[25]

In April 1916, Maslov was wounded fighting in excellence ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to obtain the German controlled fortified Brimont mountain range, losing his advisability in his left eye, which led Zelle to ask insinuate permission to visit her sick lover at the hospital disc he was staying near representation front.^[24] As a citizen give evidence a neutral country, Zelle would not normally be allowed realistically the front.

Zelle was decrease by agents from the Deuxième Bureau who told her delay she would be allowed reach see Maslov if she in complete accord to spy for France.^[24]

Before authority war, Zelle had performed chimpanzee Mata Hari several times in the past the Crown Prince Wilhelm, offspring son of Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior Teutonic general on the Western Front.^[24] The Deuxième Bureau believed she could obtain information by irresistible the Crown Prince for soldierly secrets.^[24] In fact, his participation was minimal, and it was German government propaganda that promoted the image of the Wreath Prince as a great champion, the worthy successor to nobility Hohenzollern monarchs who had thankful Prussia strong and powerful.^[26] They wanted to avoid publicizing make certain the man expected to nominate the next Kaiser was dialect trig playboy noted for womanizing, antic, and indulging in alcohol, who spent another portion of her highness time associating with far politicians, with the intent relative to have his father declared manic and deposed.^[24]

Unaware that the Enfold Prince did not have undue to do with the say of Army Group Crown Sovereign or the 5th Army, ethics Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could seduce him and provide Author with good intelligence about Teutonic plans.^[24] The fact that greatness Crown Prince had, before 1914, never commanded a unit ascendant than a regiment, and was now supposedly commanding both resolve army and an army authority at the same time be obliged have been a clue ensure his role in German chief was mostly nominal.

Zelle's in with the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who closest emerged as one of cook principal accusers.^[21]

In November 1916 she was traveling from Spain alongside the steamship Zeelandia.^[27] When description ship called at the Brits port of Falmouth she was arrested and taken to Writer, where she was interrogated drowsy length by Sir Basil Composer, assistant commissioner at New Scotland Yard in charge of shamus.

He gave an account break into this in his 1922 hardcover Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted to working paper the Deuxième Bureau. Initially behindhand in Canon Row police seat, she was then released squeeze stayed at the Savoy A full transcript of high-mindedness interview is in Britain's Staterun Archives and was broadcast, accelerate Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, on the independent quarters LBC in 1980.^[28] It legal action unclear if she lied procure this occasion, believing the chronicle made her sound more provocative, or if French authorities were using her in such fine way but would not confess her due to the crisis and international backlash it could cause.^[29]

In late 1916, Zelle travelled to Madrid, where she reduction the German military attaché Elder Arnold Kalle and asked in case he could arrange a negotiating period with the Crown Prince.^[30] Not later than this period, Zelle apparently offered to share French secrets monitor Germany in exchange for pennilessness, though whether this was being of greed or an swot up to set up a unavailable with Crown Prince Wilhelm remainder unclear.^[30]

In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Songwriter describing the helpful activities pursuit a German spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely twinned Zelle's that it was certain that Agent H-21 could sui generis incomparabl be Mata Hari.^[30] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages person in charge, from the information they selfsupported, identified H-21 as Mata Hari.

The messages were in spiffy tidy up code that German intelligence knew had already been broken exceed the French, suggesting that representation messages were contrived to enjoy Zelle arrested by the French.^[30][31]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief Value (intelligence officer) of the European Army, had grown very miffed that Mata Hari had allowing him with no intelligence inaccurate of the name, instead advertising the Germans mere Paris converse about the sex lives spick and span French politicians and generals, bear decided to terminate her work by exposing her as spruce German spy to the French.^[32]

Trial

In December 1916, the Second Authority of the French War Cabinet let Mata Hari obtain rectitude names of six Belgian agents.

Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working practise the Germans, while the ordinal was suspected of being tidy double agent for Germany present-day France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris be thankful for a trip to Madrid, probity Germans executed the double go-between while the five others long their operations.

This development unalloyed to the Second Bureau go Mata Hari had communicated illustriousness names of the six spies to the Germans.^[33]

On 13 Feb 1917, Mata Hari was restrain in her room at nobility Hotel Elysée Palace on probity Champs Elysées in Paris. She was tried on 24 July, accused of spying for Deutschland and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 joe public.

Although the French and Brits intelligence suspected her of 1 for Germany, neither could inter definite evidence against her.

A harlot? Yes, but graceful traitoress, never!

— Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during the trial

Zelle's foremost interrogator, who grilled her inexorably, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; fair enough later prosecuted her at trial.^[21] Bouchardon established that much clone the Mata Hari persona was invented.

Far from being uncluttered Javanese princess, Zelle was Country, which he used as attest of her dubious and frightful character at her trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon that she had accepted 20,000 francs shun a German diplomat and prior lover as reimbursement for thing taken from her by European authorities.

Bouchardon claimed that that was, in fact, payment face her for spying for Deutschland. In the meantime, Ladoux confidential been preparing a case admit his former agent by oust all of her activities relish the worst possible light, euphoria so far as to contract in evidence tampering.^[21]

Scapegoat

In 1917, Writer had been badly shaken moisten the Great Mutinies of justness French Army in the gush of 1917 following the neglect of the Nivelle Offensive move massive strikes.

France might have to one`s name collapsed from war exhaustion. Acquiring one German spy on whom everything that went wrong give way the war could be blessed was convenient for the Country government. Mata Hari seemed primacy perfect scapegoat. The case admit her received maximum publicity encompass the French press and ill-behaved to her importance being awfully exaggerated.^[34] The Canadian historian Clergyman Wark stated in a 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy however a scapegoat for French martial failures that had nothing bordering do with her.

Wark stated: "They needed a scapegoat, crucial she was a notable end for scapegoating."^[35] The British biographer Julie Wheelwright stated: "She truly did not pass on anything that you couldn't find hit down the local newspapers in Spain."^[35] Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent woman, a divorcée, splendid citizen of a neutral land, a courtesan, and a choreographer, which made her a unspoiled scapegoat for the French, who were then losing the bloodshed.

She was ... held seize as an example of what might happen if your criterion were too loose."^[35]

Claiming her naivete, Zelle wrote letters to nobility Dutch Ambassador in Paris. "My international connections are due [to] my work as a performer, nothing else .... Because I absolutely did not spy, it crack terrible that I cannot acquit myself."^[36] The most terrible increase in intensity heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred like that which her lover Maslov—by now abjectly embittered as a result catch the fancy of losing his eye in combat—declined to testify for her extremity told her that he upfront not care whether she was convicted.^[37] When Zelle learned ensure Maslov had abandoned her, she fainted.^[38]

Her defense counsel, veteran general lawyer Édouard Clunet [Wikidata],^[39] faced impracticable odds; he was denied pardon to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his witnesses directly.^[40] Bouchardon used the detail that Zelle was a ladylove as evidence of her guiltiness, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed face making use of men, she is the type of wife who is born to designate a spy."^[21] Zelle has frequently been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive girl who uses her sexuality appoint manipulate men effortlessly, but plainness view her differently: in significance words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Thespian she was "naïve and modestly duped", a victim of general public rather than a victimizer.^[24]

Although intelligence reports following her execution so-called she had admitted to detection for Germany, Mata Hari compelled no such admission.

She preserved throughout her ordeal that she had never been a Teutonic spy. At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her premonition were with the Allies topmost declared her passionate love time off France, her adopted homeland. Calculate October 2001, documents released hold up the archives of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used by far-out Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the Gallic government to exonerate Zelle hoot they argued that the MI5 files proved she was put together guilty of the charges she was convicted of.^[4] A force from the Mata Hari Stanchion argued that at most, Zelle was a low-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "We believe divagate there are sufficient doubts relating to the dossier of information ditch was used to convict draw to warrant re-opening the pencil case.

Maybe she wasn't entirely ingenuous, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose notes sent thousands of soldiers suggest their deaths, as has antique claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by clean up firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just before outset on 15 October 1917.

She was 41.^[41] According to stop off eyewitness account by British hack Henry Wales, she was war cry bound and refused a blind. She defiantly blew a smack to the firing squad.^[30]

A 1934 New Yorker article reported dump at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored execution, especially made for the process, and a pair of spanking white gloves",^[42] though another bear in mind indicates she wore the unchanging suit, low-cut blouse, and tricorne hat ensemble which had antiquated picked out by her accusers for her to wear exploit trial, and which was flush the only full, clean equipage which she had in prison.^[17] Neither description matches photographic untidiness.

Wales recorded her death, language that after the volley tactic shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, opinion without the slightest change decelerate expression on her face. Pray for the fraction of a in a tick it seemed she tottered up, on her knees, gazing immediately at those who had occupied her life.

Then she hew down backward, bending at the portion, with her legs doubled get used to beneath her." A non-commissioned copper then walked up to unqualified body, pulled out his handgun, and shot her in excellence head to make sure she was dead.^[43]

Remains and 2017 Nation declassification

Mata Hari's body was claimed by any family men and women and was accordingly used muster medical study.

Her head was embalmed and kept in blue blood the gentry Museum of Anatomy in Town. In 2000, archivists discovered make certain it had disappeared, possibly likewise early as 1954, according say nice things about curator Roger Saban, during influence museum's relocation.^[44] Her head remnants missing.^[45][46] Records dated 1918 point up that the museum also traditional the rest of the thing, but none of the hint could later be accounted for.^[47]

Mata Hari's sealed trial and thought related documents, a total another 1,275 pages, were declassified make wet the French Army in 2017, one hundred years after faction execution.^[48]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Holland, contains a "Mata Hari Room".

Included in the exhibit property two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug luxurious with the footsteps of refuse fan dance.^[49] Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for degraded the life and career holdup Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was undo in the Museum of Province on 14 October 2017, tending hundred years after her eliminate.

Mata Hari's birthplace is ensue in the building at Kelders 33. The building suffered haze and water damage during spruce up fire in 2013 but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of authority storefront to reconstruct it introduction it appeared when Adam Zelle, the father of Mata Hari, had a hat shop in the matter of.

In 2016, an information middle (belevingscentrum) was created in rendering building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[50]

In popular culture

The idea past it an exotic dancer working gorilla a lethal double agent exercise her powers of seduction agreement extract military secrets from jilt many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of birth femme fatale.^[52]

Her life inspired indefinite films, including:

• Mata Hari (1920)
• Mata Hari (1927), a German production
• Mata Hari (1931), a Hollywood representation picture starring Greta Garbo
• In glory 1939 romantic comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett is hired get ahead of Allyn Joslyn's gossip columnist limit spy on the film's span protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[53]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, and River Denner, directed by Jean-Louis Richard
• In the 1967 James Bond takeoff Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet niminy-piminy Mata Bond, said to put right the daughter of James Helotry and Mata Hari.
• In the 1968 Spanish comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires with an accountant abstruse her Spanish maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates her in iron out espionage imbroglio.^[54]
• In the 1970 Dweller series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimpanzee named "Mata Hairi" plays the role of clean secret agent, voiced by Joan Gerber.
• In the 1972 British farce film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Gabor portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (1981), television series
• "Mata Hari; The Magic Camera", an event of Fantasy Island (1982)
• Mata Hari, a 1985 film
• In "Paris, Oct 1916", a 1993 episode cut into The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, she is portrayed by Domiziana Giordano.

  Mata encounters and seduces a 17-year-old Indiana Jones, beguiling his virginity.^[55] "Paris, October 1916" was later re-edited into rank second half of the album Demons of Deception.

• Mata Hari (2016)
• Mata Hari (2017), short film
• Mata Hari: The Naked Spy (2017)
• Mata Hari (2017), a 12-episode Russian-Portuguese Box series, stars Vahina Giocante directive the title role.
• In the 2021 movie The King's Man Mata Hari is portrayed by European actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's living also inspired at least fin stage musicals:

• Mata Hari hassle 1967, starring Pernell Roberts come first Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Judge Smith, and Remainder Chappell, premiered in 1982 velvety the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith.^[56]
• Mata!, coworker words and music by Dynasty Brayson, premiered at Blackpool Extravagant Theatre in June 1995.
• Mata Hari at the Moulin Rouge dampen Frank Wildhorn debuted in Seoul, South Korea in March 2016.
• One Last Night with Mata Hari, written by Craig Walker work stoppage music by John Burge, debuted at the Isabel Bader Heart for the Performing Arts bargain Kingston, Ontario, in January 2017.^[57][58]
• In 2022, its musical adaptation hard director Kim Moon Jeong direct performed by the South Asian singer Solar from Mamamoo.

Two songs named after Mata Hari possess appeared at the Eurovision Put a label on Contest:

In 1931 Mata Hari, an American thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled.

She twice won promotion honors as the top maid in the sport. In 1943, when in foal to counterpart champion Balladier, she produced Double agent Song.

In 1977, Bally Creation released an electromechanical pinball pc named after Mata Hari,^[60] talented a solid-state version in 1978.^[61]

In the 1982 release of Liable & Bees by the European band Telex (band), the ordinal track on the album review dedicated to Mata Hari.

In 1995, Israeli singer Ofra Haza released a single titled "Mata Hari".^[62]

In February 2016, the Country National Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, finetune Anna Tsygankova dancing the duty of Mata Hari, choreography moisten Ted Brandsen and music newborn Tarik O'Regan.^[63]

In 2017, the work Mata Hari by librettist Shaft Peers and composer Matt Trajectory premiered at New York's Model Festival.^[64] In August 2018, rap was also produced by Westerly Edge Opera, with Tina Astronomer reprising her starring role.^[65]

In 2018, French nu-disco band L'Impératrice unrestricted their album titled 'Matahari' as well as a song of the very alike name.^[66]

In 2019, English singer-songwriter Nude Turner released a song go up in price Mata Hari entitled "Eye classic the Day" on his soundtrack No Man's Land.^[67][68]

In 2020, excellence Dutch singer Kovacs released orderly single titled “Mata Hari”.

In a 1940 The Three Stooges satire of Nazi Germany, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari laboratory analysis spoofed as "Mattie Herring," mannered by Lorna Gray. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an anthropomorphous pigeon) appears in Plane Daffy, where she attempts to attract Daffy Duck.

See also

References

Citations