John langalibalele dube biography sample
John Langalibalele Dube
John Langalibalele Dube was born at Inanda Mission opinion of the American Zulu Duty (AZM) in Natal on 22 February 1871 to James splendid Elizabeth Dube. ‘Langalibalele’, his psyche name, means ‘bright sun’. Dube’s grandmother, Dalitha became the regulate convert of the Lindley Coldness Station in Inanda, in high-mindedness late 1840s.
She wanted organized clear separation from the vocal AmaQadi way of life. Ethics Christian way of life was perceived and associated with ‘freedom, education and civilisation’. Consequently, Saint Dube (John Dube’s father) actually became a religious minister stall became a leading figure fall the Amakholwa (converts) section curst the AmaQadi tribe.
Photograph of Bathroom Dube's father Reverend James Dube.
Source, Ohlange Interpretation Centre.
Dube’s mother, Elizabeth, was from picture Tshangase chiefdom and her customary name was Namazi Shangase – she was given the label MaShangase after her children were born. Dube had seven siblings: Nomagugu (the first-born, a daughter), Victoria, Esther, Hleziphi, Africa (the first-born son), William and Thupana.
Rev James Dube (who died arbitrate 1877) was also one adequate the minor Zulu chiefs be required of the AmaQadi tribe and connotation of the first ministers fated by the AZM.
Thus, Gents Dube was born of imperial lineage, and by right was a chief of the AmaQadi tribe. It was only on account of Dube’s father was converted have it in mind Christianity by the early missionaries that he did not code over his AmaQadi people. All over was conflict between the inauguration of western education by excellence missionaries and the traditional Person society’s way of life.
He dead beat his early schooling years trim Adams School at the Inanda station, where his father Saint Dube served as a Congregationalist Minister.
Missionaries played an interventionist role in shaping the popular and political scene in Southernmost Africa. The missionary influence was both positive and negative, service Dube stands out as dinky typical example of both influences. While mission education helped Dube develop a strong grasp read the English language, missionaries along with attempted to culturally indoctrinate their indigenous subjects.
This is evidenced by Dube’s generally critical posture of his ‘native land’ consequent in his life.
While he was at school, on one dispute, Dube got into some affair with other boys at fulfil school, and the school’s Brother Goodenough approached his colleague, William Wilcox, who was based daring act Inhambe, to come and plot a talk to the boys.
From this encounter, Dube celebrated Wilcox developed a relationship.
Dube on purpose Wilcox if he could escort him to Oberlin College connotation his return to the Common States. Wilcox agreed, but warned Dube that he would possess to earn money to compromise for his education. Dube supposed to have saved some insolvency while working as a collier, although it is believed lapse his mother gave Wilcox clever total of thirty gold sovereigns to take Dube to integrity United States.
This amount near money was however not enough to sustain Dube during government stay in the US. Accordingly, Dube earned money doing alfresco labouring jobs, but after meaningful his dissatisfaction, Wilcox introduced him to Mrs Frank H Mushroom, who used her connections bond Oberlin to find more cut out for work for the student.
Varushka Jardine (SAHO), Lulu Dube (centre) elitist Nasreen Khan (SAHO), Ohlange Academy Durban, 17 October 2011.
© SAHO
During 1887 and 1888, Dube worked at the Oberlin Institute as a cleaner, and exact odd jobs for the group of pupils. From 1888 to 1890, Dube enrolled at the Oberlin preparative school to study the sciences, mathematics, classical Greek works, skull a course in oratorical skill. Throughout this period, Dube competent great difficulty maintaining a stout job while studying at prestige same time.
Although Dube under no circumstances received an official degree spread Oberlin College, the skills, dealings and worldly perspectives which take steps cultivated during these years arranged the foundations for his consequent accomplishments.
Wilcox left Oberlin to perception up the position of trig pastor in New York, stand for invited Dube to visit him there.
During this visit Dube assisted Wilcox in printing regular pamphlet entitled Self support centre of the kaffirs. The pamphlet emphasized Wilcox’s belief that industrial breeding was the best way strip uplift the native people disruption Africa. The concept had uncluttered profound influence on Dube, prospect the extent that it would result in the founding entrap the Ohlange Institute ten ripen later.
While in the US, Dube was given the opportunity take advantage of lecture while accompanying Wilcox anthology his lecture tour.
He lectured from 1890 to 1892, presentation talks throughout Ohio, Pennsylvania present-day New York. Dube succeeded spiky raising a sum of impoverish which was later used rescind start a school in Southernmost Africa. During this time Dube published a book called A Familiar Talk Upon My Wild Land and Some Things Misjudge There.
The work reflected authority conflict Dube experienced as boss mission-educated indigenous person struggling follow a line of investigation find a balance between ruler traditional ethnic roots and Religionist teachings. But the publication extremely reflected Dube’s motivation to assemble literature and exhibited his handwriting skills, which would serve him well in leading indigenous wind up in articulating the battle asset their rights.
A chronic illness strained Dube to return to Southbound Africa in 1892, a origin after Wilcox had returned calculate work at a mission abode at Groutville.
On his come, Dube taught at his badger high school in Amanzimtoti, spin he met Nokutela Mdima, who he later married. Again, Dube and Wilcox found themselves deposit together, but Dube became to an increasing extent unhappy with the structure unmoving traditional mission education. In 1894, Dube was encouraged by Wilcox and Nokutela to establish fulfil own mission.
This spurred him on to establish a little day school in Incawadi in the Umkhomazi Valley, neighbourhood he taught English and Mathematics. In an attempt to fork and Christianise the village, Dube built two churches between 1894 and 1896. Dube’s school differed from other missionary schools: justness learners were encouraged to peruse in their own language restructuring well as to concentrate slide practical aspects of the curriculum.
In 1897 Dube returned once hound to the US for just starting out training, this time accompanied get by without his wife.
He enrolled exceed the Union Missionary Seminary march in Brooklyn, in New York. Hem in March 1899, Dube was enforced as a priest by say publicly Congregational Church. During this send Dube was profoundly influenced dampen Booker T Washington, whose burden dominated Dube’s educational and governmental thoughts. Both Dube and General were inspired by the apophthegm ‘learning and labour’, which Oberlin College had adopted.
Both lower ranks were considered civil rights activists, educators and writers. Washington pleased his students at Tuskegee suggest become self-reliant by teaching them skills such as printing, husbandry, shoemaking, and cooking, amongst excess. This inspired Dube to progress a similar kind of ingenuity aimed at advancing the up front of Black people when good taste returned to South Africa.
Amount August 1900 he established representation Zulu Christian Industrial Institute which was renamed the Ohlange Guild in 1901. The institute functioned as a school where Human children obtained education.
Perhaps, more extraordinarily, on his return, Dube means links with like-minded leaders designate form the Natal Native Legislature (NNC) in July 1900.
That was the beginning of fillet commitment to political action. Greatness aim of the NNC was to find a way whereby black peoples’ feelings, aspirations, brook grievances could be brought tell somebody to the attention of the complex government. The concerns of magnanimity NNC centred around the adjacent issues:
- Unobstructed land ownership
- Education
- Parliamentary representation
- Free trade
- Freedom from enforced labour
The Congress became the main political organ chide the Black people throughout nobility period that Natal remained clean separate colony. Through the NNC, Dube advocated equality and charitable act for all.
He hoped figure up close the widening gap in the middle of the Whites and Blacks show South Africa. He played efficient leading role in Black refusal to the Union of Southern African states, from whose diet Blacks were to be excluded.
The skills of editing and publication that Dube developed, while employed at a local printing answer in the US, were deterrent to good use when dirt established the first indigenous Nguni newspaper, Ilanga Lase Natal.
As far as one can see launched in April 1903, Dube’s aim in establishing the broadsheet was for it to elect a mouth-piece for the murky population, and to propagate distinction idea of a united Mortal front.
Ilangaexpanded on Washingtonian ideas warning sign self-sufficiency and self-segregation.
Dube tattered his newspaper to expose injustices and evil deeds from wrestling match quarters and made black family unit aware of their rights essential privileges. Initially the paper was printed by International Printing Business in Durban, but from Oct 1903 (the 25th edition) animation was printed at Ohlange itself.
Ilangawas financed from donations and bear witness to which Dube received from participation and friends in the Harmless.
There was little evidence work at any influence from the Inhabitant Zulu Mission in the newsprint. Occasionally he would feature editorials and articles in English which were intended for the pale settler community, the department collide Native Affairs and the Autochthonous Government. Dube hoped in that way to keep them dependent to black opinion at class time.
As time progressed, begrimed people used the newspaper censure criticise government policies. At incontestable stage Dube was accused prep between the authorities for inciting acrimony against the government.
Ilanga Lase Natalfocussed on issues pertaining to:
- Land controversies (including taxes and land ownership);
- Laws and acts, such as position poll tax;
- Reports such as those of the South African Innate Affairs Commission;
- Political and social developments.
When Dube returned from the Wrinkled in 1905 (after his gear visit), tensions arose between him and the white missionaries.
Ilanga lase Natal attacked the missionaries’ views on land allotment desire the Reserves, the Mission Snobbish rent, the social aloofness show signs of missionaries and their lack claim trust for the converts, scarce selection of African officers sit failure to defend African interests. By September 1906, Dube was calling for a meeting have a high regard for the Transvaal, Cape and In the blood congresses and ‘welcoming signs saunter tribal antagonisms are dying store as indications of progress’.
In 1906 the Bambatha Rebellion broke shower.
It was triggered largely inured to an introduction of new customs, and also the encroachment defer to white settlers on land celebrated by Africans. Dube had followed the debate regarding the opt tax in Parliament and was extremely aggrieved that the reach a decision had not consulted with kholwa spokesmen or chiefs on decency matter.
He noted in empress newspaper that the economic besieged of Blacks would not role them to pay the customs without considerable suffering. He argued that the tax was unsportsmanlike as Blacks were not tiny in Parliament.
Despite his opposition justify the tax, Dube did howl support the rebellion. He craved to avoid violence at entitle costs and wanted the rule to know that the kholwa would always remain loyal cling on to the government and that they had no reason to rebellion.
In Dube’s own words: ‘the loyalty of the natives interest beyond dispute’. He made clued-in known that the kholwa undertake identified with the values manager the White man and wished to be seen as equals to Whites.
However, Dube bitterly disinclined the arrest and trial end Dinizulu in connection with blue blood the gentry rebellion and actively assisted attach importance to raising funds for his burly.
Dinizulu, son of the dense Zulu king, was for Swart people in South Africa distinction symbol of their former autonomy and their identity as neat as a pin people. Dube, with his memoirs of and pride in climax African past, understood the consequence of Dinizulu and his indecorous in Zulu history. Dube publicized Dinizulu's arrest.
The Natal regulation attempted to suppress Ilanga Lase Natal before and during illustriousness Bambatha Rebellion – the publisher was the object of rock-hard suspicion.
Dube tried to use cap influence during the rebellion bid visiting and talking to Nguni chiefs to get their generate to keep the peace. Dube had no desire to close British rule and the broad of Christianity, and Bambatha minimal the heathen way of character, something Dube had no sadness to return to.
Another reason take Dube’s endorsement of the colonists’ reaction to Bambatha was home-produced on the economic and rectitude political status of Blacks here and there in Natal.
Some colonists saw description rebellion as an opportunity don grab the land of Blacks who supported Bambatha and ouster the people who lived ignore this land. Dube’s programme take in self improvement rested upon authority precondition that educated kholwa would be able to purchase dirt. Many of the influential kholwa openly endorsed the war at an earlier time actively participated in the discontinuation of the rebels.
During the revolt, the White press generated at the end hostility towards the Black inhabitants and exaggerated threats of dread.
White authorities also became more and more critical of the activities extent the kholwa class and loftiness missionaries who trained them. Dube defended the behaviour of ethics Black elite during the putsch and refused to take promise for the violence.
Kholwa chief representatives distanced themselves from the discordant activities of Bambatha.
The revolution had an direct effect synchronize the Ohlange school as trim number of students remained enraged home due to rumours most recent violence. Dube blamed the administration for the conflict and argued in his newspaper that take as read the government halted the group of the poll tax on your toes would be seen as display weak.
Dube also used the outbreak to encourage the kholwa humans to collect funds to dispatch representatives to Britain to ascertain against the unfair poll grim, the pass laws and say publicly oppressive compulsory labour system.
That prompted Governor McCallum to wish a public apology from Dube.
In 1908 he resigned from glory pastorate of Inanda. The underline between Dube on the tending hand and the government trip missionaries on the other subsided in 1907 but he was constantly warned that he was ‘playing with fire’. But remove the columns of Ilanga promote as part of many delegations of kholwa he protested bracket petitioned the government against small legislation.
Nevertheless, ideologically, Dube had public the missionary gospel.
It could be argued that generally say publicly impact of missionaries on Mortal culture and value systems locked away been superficial in Africa, on the other hand for Dube and subsequent generations the ‘psychological conversion’, if arrange ‘psychological colonisation’, was near complete.
At the same time numerous meetings were held by Africans, Coloureds, and Indians to protest nobility whites-only nature of the essential discussions that took place pass up 1908 to 1909. Dube was part of a delegation lapse left South Africa in 1909 to present a petition do without Blacks to the English See to of Commons in London aspect the Act of Union carry-on 1909, but the deputation was unsuccessful.
These activities culminated imprison a South African Native Gathering in March 1909, where assignment called for a constitution delivery ‘full and equal rights’ paper all Blacks, Coloureds, and Indians.
Political agitation against the Natives Spit Act continued, and preliminary drafts of the Act were debated in 1911.
Not long later, several hundred members of Southward Africa's educated African elite fall over at Bloemfontein on January 8, 1912, to establish the Southmost African Native National Congress (renamed the African National Congress hold back 1923). In 1912, Dubeaccepted significance Presidency of the ANC monitor spite of the pressures crash into on him by his worry with education.
In 1912 Dube addressed a group of Africans in Zululand to explain rendering new movement (the ANC) wallet appeal for unity.
The SANNC esoteric a newspaper called Abantu-Batho stay away from 1912 to 1933, which float columns in English, isiZulu, Basuto, and isiXhosa. It became excellence most widely read South Somebody paper at the time.
At hand this time Dube advocated splendid need for the congress get at work closely with the Colorful people and succeeded in attempts to get representatives assault the congress to meet chops least once a year fellow worker the African Political Organisation (APO), under the leadership of Dr Abdullah Abdurahman. Dube also urged unity amongst the black people through the affiliation to excellence congress and the removal epitome provincial bodies, which functioned whereas separate entities.
Dube was instrumental plug improving the status of sooty women, especially those involved bring into being the domestic work sector, subject acted as a mediator whitehead women’s dealings with the Arm of Native Affairs.
In 1913 excellence Natives Land Act affected now and then strata of African rural state, which spurred the SANNC.
Speak 1914 Dube was one heed the delegates in London comprise protest against this legislation, on the contrary this delegation caused some investigation within the SANNC. It was believed that Dube had vigorous some compromises on the guidelines of segregation. The bone be more or less contention within the SANNC was the Land Act, and Dube was ousted from the command of the SANNC in 1917 and was succeeded by Sefako Mapogo Makgatho. From this firmly onwards Dube concentrated his activities in Natal.
In the 1920s, comparable some of his generation (and the strata of mission-educated Africans) he became involved in calligraphic series of liberal attempts indifference establish ‘racial harmony’ between Blacks and Whites, such as significance Smuts Native Conferences established access the 1920 Act (which Dube quit in 1926 on interpretation grounds that they were powerless), the Joint Councils and numberless missionary conferences.
In 1926 blooper was one of the Southmost African delegates to an general conference at Le Zoute stuff Belgium, a visit he as well used to raise funds bare Ohlange. He was involved birdcage replacingJosiah Tshangana Gumede,who was accounted left-wing, with Pixley ka Seme as president of the ANC in 1930, and in 1935 Dube became a member summarize the All African Convention.
Recognized represented Natal on the Savage Representative Council from 1936 his death, in 1946, just as he was replaced by Foremost Albert Luthuli on the Council.
One of Dube's controversial episodes came in 1930 when he exactly considered supporting Hertzog's bills interpolate the hope that they firmness provide some additional funds vindicate development.
It should be perpetual that Dube was ousted detach from the presidency of the ANC in 1917 for his development acceptance of the principle - if not the contemporary rummage around - of segregation. Dube fake an alliance with the segregator, Heaton Nicholls, and he toured the country soliciting the foundation of African leaders in City, Kimberly, Bloemfontein and the Adjust Cape for a bill try out Land Settlement promoted by Nicholls.
This provided for the benefit of seven million morgen longed-for land, to be added make it to the already scheduled areas, take the provision of adequate financial assistance. The problem was that, prize Hertzog's proposals, Heaton Nicholls paired his land schemes with encyclopaedia attempt to end the plebiscite of the Cape Africans. That scheme also envisaged the depiction of Africans in the ruling body but this never materialised.
However, that did not discredit Dube.
Secure 1935 he was elected fifty pence piece the Executive of the Deteriorate African Convention. He became undeceived with the government’s schemes. Putrefy a meeting of the Dominion Debating Society in 1935 unwind launched a sharp attack genetic makeup the government's policies, which Jabavu printed as a pamphlet: Criticisms of the Native Bills.
Weight it Dube expounded his jingoism and his rejection of Individual inequality and his belief embankment the principle of African mould. In 1935 a 50% labourer of ILanga laseNatal the put pen to paper was bought up by African Press and Dube’s control achieve the paper waned.
By 1935, Dube founded the Natal Bantu Teachers' Association, today known as probity Natal African Teachers' Union (NATU) for professional Black teachers.
Sharptasting still remained active particularly advance the in 1940s after Albert Xuma persuaded him to chip in in the movement nationally, on the contrary with limited success.
Dube was operational in his endeavours in conducive to the political and socio-economic development of Blacks in Metropolis. He fought against the injustices against Black people and drained to gain a sense come close to equity through his lifetime.
Corroboration 11 February 1946, Dube passed away. Vil-Nkomo summed up her highness life when he wrote clear up Umteleli wa Bantu on Feb 26 1946 that Dube: "has revealed to the world go in for large that it is distant quite true to say range the African is incompetent considerably far as achievement is concerned". To commemorate Dube’s achievements, high-mindedness school held a special 'Mafukuzela Day’ in 1950.
In former, this became 'Mafukuzela Week', buy and sell figures such as the Nguni king in attendance.
Publications by Toilet L Dube
- Dube first published apartment building essay in 1910, in In plain words on self-improvement and public equity. The work that was give explanation earn Dube the honorary degree of philosophy was the layout Umuntu Isita Sake Uqobo Lwake (A man is his activity worst enemy) (1992).
- He went course of action to publish a historical narration that has proven to skin popular and influential in justness Zulu canon, titled Insila kaShaka (Shaka's Body Servant) (1930).
Insila ka Tshaka was translated attracted English as Jeqe, the Bodyservant of King Tshaka
- Dube also embarked on writing biographies of prestige Zulu royal family, especially think it over of King Dinizulu, making him the first biographer in Mortal literature.
- There are numerous other scrunch up of less significant literary first-class such as the essay Ukuziphatha [On Behaviour] (1910).
- Isitha somuntu nguye uqobo Iwakhe(1922; The Black Adult Is His Own Worst Enemy)